UMTS Radio Planning : Fundamentals

UMTS Standards : Brief Historical Overview on 3GPP, IMT2000, etc.

Mathematical background of SS-CDMA Systems
Multiple Access
Spread Spectrum Modulation
Properties of Spread Spectrum System
Tolerance of Narrow-band interference
DS-Spread Spectrum
Modulation Example
Processing Gain in BPSK DS-SS Systems
Tolerance to Wide-Band interference
WCDMA in Cellular Radio Networks
Multipath Environment characteristics
Soft, Softer, and Hard Handover
Power Control : Inner-loop, outer-loop, etc.
WCDMA Load Equation : Definition of Eb/No
UMTS RF Fundamentals
UMTS Radio Planning : Dimensioning
UMTS System Dimensioning
General Guidelines
Dimensioning Workflow
Link budget Parameters
Eb/No for different Multipath Radio Propagation Channels
Load Factor
Bit Rates as defined in the ETSI Recommendations
WCDMA Spectral Efficiency (throughputs in kbps per carrier per cell)
Orthogonality
HO Gains
BTS Static Sensitivity : TMA, Antenna Gain, Sectorization Gain,
SOHO Overhead, Signaling Overhead,
Link budgets and Coverage Efficiency of WCDMA
Cell Ranges Selection Process
Dimensioning Guidelines
Guidelines for Traffic-per-cell computation

UMTS Radio Planning : Dimensioning
Dimensioning Rules
BTS Processing Capability
BTS Dimensioning Principles

Examples of Dimensioning for Different Operator Strategies

Detailed Planning : A Step further in Network Dimensioning
Requirements for Detailed Planing
Capacity and Coverage Planning

WCDMA / GSM co-location requirements and constraints

Pilot Planning
Uplink : Channelisation codes, Scrambling Codes
Downlink : Channelisation codes, Scrambling Codes

Cell Search Procedure




UMTS Radio Planning : Site Consideration
Interference Checking :Per Environment basis
Background noise interference notion
Site clearance and roof-top selection
UMTS/UMTS and UMTS/GSM co-location issues from RF standpoint
Site-sharing : Practical guidelines
Results of Isolation measurements between antennas in collocation in
the UMTS frequency band :
Vertical Polarization results
Dual Polarization results
Conclusions

CDMA Fundamentals
W/R : Defined as the system processing gain

In CDMA, the Reverse Link Capacity is often the limiting link in terms of
capacity
In CDMA : Uplink Receive Power is equal from all MSs.
Per user : S/N = 1/(M-1)
M : Total Number of users in the cell
S = S (The wanted signal)
N = (M-1)S => S/N = 1/(M-1)
Example : If M=7 then S/N = 1/7

if M>>1 then


M : The Number of simultaneous users a CDMA cell can support

o
b
N
E
R
W
M ~
CDMA Multiple Access : Principal of Spread
Spectrum (SS)
Each User encodes its signal
Code Signal Bandwidth (W) > Information Bandwidth





The Receiver knows the code sequence


Transmission
Spread Spectrum
f f
f
P
f
Reception
Despreading
CDMA Multiple Access : Principal of Spread
Spectrum (SS)
Eb = Signal Power / Bit Rate = S/Rb

No = Noiser Power / Bandwidth = N/W
b o
b
R
W
N
S
N
E
=
Signal to Noise Ratio
Processing Gain
Example :
Given a Demodulator Performance

Bit rate Rb = 8 kpbs
Bandwidth W = 1.2 Mbps => G = W/Rb = 150 = 21 dB
dB
N
E
o
b
6 >
dB dB dB
R
W
N
E
N
S
dB
b
dB
o
b
dB
15 21 6 = >
|
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|

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.
|

\
|
=
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.
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\
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CDMA Multiple Access Principle
Shannon Theorem
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
N
S
W C 1 log
2
Channel Capacity C (Bit/s) given by Shannon Theorem :
W : System Bandwidth (Hz)
S/N : Signal to Noise Ratio (numerical value)
C : System Capacity (bit/s)
Same Capacity
Wide W and Low S/N (such as in WCDMA)
Narrow W and Large S/N (such as in GSM)
CDMA Multiple Access Advantages :
Multiple Access Features

1. All Users Signals overlap in TIME and FREQUENCY
2. Correlating the Received Signal despreads ONLY the WANTED SIGNAL
p
f f
S1
p
S1xC1
p
f f
S2
p
S2xC2
f
p

f
p
S2 X C2 X C1
S1 = S1 X C1 X C1
RECEIVER of USER 1
CDMA Multiple Access Advantages :
Interference Rejection
p
f
f
S1
p
S1xC1
p
f
I
f
p
f
p
IxC1 I
S1
Correlation Narrowband Interference Spread the power
CDMA Principles
Radio Propagation
Channel
D/A
A
A
B1
B2
m
1
(t)
m
2
(t)
c
1
(t)
c
2
(t)
c
1
(t)
c
2
(t)
c
1
(t) and c
2
(t) are Orthogonal Codes :
0 ) ( ) (
0
2 1
=
}
T
dt t c t c
}
}
m
1
(t)
D/A
m
2
(t)
Transmitter
Receiver
CDMA Principles
Cross-Correlation R
xy
(t) :

Cross-correlation if t=0 :

If x and y are discrete sequence (binary signals):



Example of orthogonal codes :









}
=
T
xy
dt t y t x R
0
) ( ) ( ) ( t t
}
=
T
xy
dt t y t x R
0
) ( ) ( ) 0 (
i
I i
i
T
y x Y X Rxy

s s
= =
1
. ) 0 (
(
(
(
(

=
1
1
1
1
X
(
(
(
(

=
1
1
1
1
Y
| | 0 1 1 1 1
1
1
1
1
. 1 1 1 1 ) 0 ( = + =
(
(
(
(

=
xy
R
CDMA Principles
To be used in DS-SS CDMA Codes must satisfy the
following conditions :
Zero Cross-correlation
Number of +1s and -1s must be the same
Dot Product must be equal to 1

Example :
Dot product of the previous example is :

1 4 / ) 1 1 1 1 ( 4 / . = + + + = X X
T
CDMA Principles
m
1
(t)
T
b
2T
b

1 -1 1
3T
b

f
M
1
(f)
1/T
b

T
c

4T
c

f
C
1
(f)
1/T
b

c
1
(t)
1/T
c

T
c
: Chip Rate of the PN Code
T
b
: Information rate (voice/data)
f
C
1
(f)* M
1
(f)
1/T
b
1/T
c

m
1
(t).c
1
(t)
CDMA Principles
/2
Mobile
distance
The MS crosses 2 fades in
v
2

Example : @ 900 MHz and v = 90 km/h (25 m/s)

MS crosses fades every 6.67 ms
@ 1800 MHz MS crosses fades every 3.335 ms
CDMA Principles : Delay Spread
t
Time (s)
t1= 3s
t2= 4s
t3
Inter Symbol Interference can occur if the delay spread tn is greater than
one symbol period : The higher the bit rate, the more ISI occur
Example 1:
Let us consider a Mobile Communications System that uses R
b
= 270.83
kbps
The bit period is thus T
b
= 1/270830 = 3.69 s
Conclusion : bit period almost equal to 4 s as shown on the delay spread
power profile => ISI would normally exist ! Without use of EQUALIZER

Example 2:
Let us consider a Mobile Communications System that uses R
b
= 1.2288
Mbps = 1228800 bps
The bit period is thus T
b
= 1/ 1228800 = 1 s
Conclusion : bit period is much LESS than 4 s as shown on the delay
spread power profile => ISI would normally exist !
Important note : CDMA Rake Receive uses a special form of Time Diversity
to recover the signal. CDMA Rake receiver combines multipath components
and suppresses phase differences provided that delays are not very small

CDMA Principles : Delay Spread
The Principal of Maximum Ratio Combining in CDMA Rake Receiver
Transmitted Symbol
- Amplitude
- Phase
Received Signal
at each time delay
Modified Signal
Using Channel Estimator
Combined
Symbol
u
Figure #1
Figure #2
Figure #3
u
u
u
u
Block Diagram of CDMA Rake Receiver
Correlator
Phase
Rotator
Delay
Equalizer
Code
Generator
Channel
Estimator
Finger # 1
Matched Filter

Q
I
Q
Correlator
Phase
Rotator
Delay
Equalizer
Code
Generator
Channel
Estimator
Finger # 2
Correlator
Phase
Rotator
Delay
Equalizer
Code
Generator
Channel
Estimator
Finger # 3
Combiner
Timing (finger allocation)
Input RF Signal
Q
I
Digitized input samples are received from RF Front-end in the form of I and Q
components

Code Generator and Correlator : Perform despreading and integration to user data
symbol

Channel estimator : Uses the Pilot symbols to estimate the channel state

Phase Rotator : aligns the symbols to the initial phase (phase cancellation)

Delay Equalizer : Compensates the Delay in the arrival times of the symbols in each
finger

Rake Combiner : Sums up the channel-compensated symbols, thereby providing
MULTIPATH DIVERSITY against Fading.

Matched Filter : Determines and Updates the Current Multipath Delay Spread. This is
used to assign the Rake fingers to the largest Peaks (Maximum Combining)

CDMA Rake Receiver : Components
CDMA Principles: Delay Spread
In Multipath Environment :
Received power can be written as :



Fourier Transfer Function :

= =
= =
N
n
N
n
n n n n
f j a f S f R t s a t r
1 1
) . 2 exp( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( t t t

= =
N
n
f j
n
n
e a
f S
f R
f H
1
. 2
) (
) (
) (
t t
CDMA Principles : Delay Spread
f
Example with two-equal amplitude paths : a1=a2=A
2A
t 2
1
t
1
t 2
3
t
2
) cos( 2 ) ( t tf f H =
1. Frequency-Selective Fading is evident in the nulls of the Magnitude Spectrum

2. WCDMA is more advantageous than CDMA when the delays are small such
as 0.4 s (Dense Urban and Urban Environments)

3. WCMA using 5 Mbps (bit period of 0.2 s) better than I S-95 CDMA using only
1.2288 Mbsp (bit period 1 s) when I SI are to be considered in Dense Urban areas
q +
=
1
1
. .
1
1
R
W
M N
E
o
b
CDMA Fundamentals
If other users from other cells are considered, the actual cell becomes
loaded and :
where q is the loading factor (0 < q < 1)
We define F as the Frequency reuse :


q +
=
1
1
F
CDMA Fundamentals
Cell B
Cell A
Cell C
B1
B2
C1
C2
Interference Introduced by Users in the Neighboring Cells
CDMA Fundamentals
Cell B
Cell A
Cell C
Sectorization Reduces Interference and adds
a Gain to the system : Sectorization Gain
Unwanted interferers
rejected by antenna
pattern of Cell A
Sectorization Gain :

Tri-Sectors : = 3 (2.5 in practice)

6-Sectors : = 6 (5 in practice)

Sectorization Gain = = Total Interfering Power from all Directions/
Perceived Interference Power by the sector antenna. G is the antenna
pattern in given direction



CDMA Fundamentals
}
}
=
t
t
u u
u
u u

2
0
2
0
) (
) 0 (
) (
) (
d I
G
G
d I
Voice Activity Factor : Interference is reduced
when the user is not transmitting



The final value for M :



CDMA Fundamentals
v R
W
M N
E
o
b
1
. .
1
1
. .
1
1

q +
=
v
N
E
R
W
M
o
b

q
.
1
1
.
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
~
UMTS Standards : Brief Historical Overview
ITU has advanced 3G Telecoms Standards
The European Standard : IMT2000 for International
Mobile Telecommunications in year 2000 or UMTS
The Northern American Standard is CDMA2000
Features :
Adds Multi-media capabilities to 2G standards
(GSM, IS-136, IS-95, etc.)
Support for higher data rates
Packet data networking
IP Access
3G Standard Proposals
WCDMA (up to 20 MHz bandwidth)
Rake Reception possible in both UL and DL
CDMA IS-95 is 1.25 MHz of bandwidth
Dedicated Pilot Channels associated with each dedicated
data channels
intended for adaptive antenna techniques, interference
cancellation, coherent demodulation
Variable rate transmission for the data channels
Forward Link spreading uses Orthogonal variable spreading
factor (OVSF) codes
Asynchronous cell specific signature sequences (UL)
3G in Europe : 3G ETSI will be dual-mode GSM/WCDMA
3G in USA : Smoother migration from IS-95 to CDMA2000
UMTS Standards : Brief Historical Overview
IMT2000 formerly FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile
Telecommunications System)
World-wide Roaming
Small, Low-cost pocket terminals
High rate data services
Advanced Multimedia services : interactivity
Data Services Delivery :
Vehicular Environment : 144 kbps
Pedestrian Environment : 384 kbps
Indoor Environment : 2 Mbps
Single System for Residential, Office, Cellular, Satellite
Environments
UMTS Standards : IMT200 Requirements
Air Interface Compromise in ETSI
UMTS Air Interface
W-CDMA
Team:
Ericsson
Nokia
NTT DoCoMo
NEC
W-CDMA for FDD
Systems
TD/CDMA
Team :
Alcatel
Bosch
Italtel
Motorola
Nortel
Siemens
Sony
TD/CDMA for TDD
Systems
UMTS Total bandwith for Europe : 215 MHz

Important Note :15 MHz less the initial IMT-2000 by WARC 92 because
DECT operation

FDD Paired Bands : 1920 1980 MHz (Uplink) ;
2110 2170 MHz (Downlink)

FDD supports W-CDMA

TDD Unpaired bands : 1900 1920 MHz and 2010 2025 MHz for TDD
CDMA systems


IMT2000 Frequency Allocation for UMTS
IMT2000 Frequency Allocation for UMTS
MSS
UL
MSS
DL
TDD
UL/DL
TDD
UL/DL
1900 1920 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170 2200
FDD
UL
FDD
DL
F
DL

F
UL

FDD Mode TDD Mode
F
DL/UL

Radio Access : GSM vs UTRA and TDD vs FDD
Time
Power / Code
UTRA/FDD
5 MHz
16 Timeslots per frame : 10 ms
UTRA/TDD
5 MHz
625 s
0.2 MHz
577 s
GSM
W-CDMA Air Interface

W-CDMA = Frame structure of 72 frames

1 frame = 15 Time slots corresponding to one Power Control
period (or a rate of 1500 Hz)

The Slot structure UPLINK is different from the DOWNLINK

Each Link comprises a Data Channel = DPDCH and a
Control Channel = DPCCH

UMTS Frame Structure
10 ms (one frame)
S1 S2 Si S15
DATA
DPDCH
PILOT TFI FBI TPC
DPCCH
TFI : Transport Format combination Indicator
FBI : FeedBack Information
TPC = Transmit Power Control
Spreading and Modulation : Uplink
X

X






IQ
MUX
I
Q
X

Cd
DPDCH
DPCCH
Cc
Cscramble
To QPSK
Modulator
Example of UMTS Spectrum Allocation :
United Kingdom
One licence reserved for a new Operator 2*15
MHz paired spectrum + 5 MHz of unpaired
spectrum (for TDD component)

One licence for 2*15 MHz paired spectrum

Three licences for 2*10 MHz paired spectrum + 5
MHz of unpaired spectrum


UMTS Radio Planning : Maximum Bit Rates
Rural Outdoor :
384 kbps has been evaluated
Up to 500 km/h is supported (SMG2 Q&A Workshop)
Suburban Outdoor :
384 kbps at the required velocity
Indoor and low-range outdoor :
2048 kbps
Range of bit rates :
100 bps to 2048 kbps with a granularity of 100 bps

Note :Transmitted bit rate can change during a call on a
10ms (frame) basis for efficient spectrum usage, i.e.
variable rate due to nature of speech
UMTS Parameters for UDD Services in DL
Source
Rate
64 kbps 144 kbps 384 kbps 2048 kbps
Information
bit rate
30.4 kbps 60.8 kbps 243.2
kbps
486.4
kbps
Physical
Channel
Rate
64 kbps 128 kbps 512 kbps 1024 kbps
Antenna
Receiver
Diversity
ON ON ON ON
Radio Access Network Planning
WCDMA System operates with a frequency reuse of 1

Common Radio Resource in WCDMA for all users is Power

WCDMA Supports different bearer services

Bearer Services characterized by : Bit Rate, Delay and BER

Different Settings for different Services

No need need for planning of code or code phase

Asynchronous Operation : No need for inter-base synchronization

UMTS System Characteristics
W-CDMA : 5 MHz or more can be offered
Carrier Spacing : multiples of 200 kHz
W-CDMA spreading rate = 3.84 Mchip/s
Information bit rate = between 8 kbit/s and 2 Mbit/s

Multiple Access Scheme : Wideband DS-CDMA
Duplex Scheme : FDD
Chip Rate : 3.84 Mchip/s
Carrier Spacing : 4.2 5.4 MHz


Spectrum Efficiency
Speech :
78-189 kbps/MHz/Cell depending on type of propagation and
mobile speed. Numbers are higher than in GSM

Connection Oriented Service (384 kbps @BER=10
-6
) at 120
km/h :
85-250 kbps/MHz/Cell depending on antenna diversity

Packet Service (384 kbps) in pedestrian environments :
470 to 565 kbps/MHz/cell, UL and DL respectively

Packet Service (2048 kbps) in Indoor environments :
230 to 500 kbps/MHz/cell, depending on DL antenna diversity
Coverage and Capacity in UMTS
Trade-off between Capacity and coverage

Lower Capacity means a larger cell

New Cells can be inserted to facilitate capacity
expansion as no frequency re-planning is needed

Extend coverage in case od asymmetric data
traffic (more DL than UL) as UL is limited by MS
power and interference is less
Simplified UMTS Network Architecture
UMTS Radio Network Planning : Dimensioning
WCDMA Network dimensioning uses the following
inputs :
Coverage :
RF Propagation Environments (urban, suburban, rural)
Area Type information (Clutter, terrain shape, etc.)
Coverage Regions : need for Marketing input
Capacity :
Traffic Density Data
Available Spectrum
Subscriber Profile and Growth forecast
QoS :
Coverage Probability (Area)
Outage/Blocking Probability
End User Requirements : Throughput, speed, etc.
Dimensioning involves :
Radio Link Budget Analyses
Coverage Analyses
Required Capacity Estimation
Cell-count estimation in terms of number of sites
required
Number of RNCs (Radio Network Controller)
required
Equipment at different Interfaces
Core Network Elements : Circuit Switched and
Packet Switched Domain Core Networks
UMTS Radio Network Planning : Dimensioning
Three Main additional Link Budget Parameters have to be considered
when designing UMTS Networks :

Interference Margin :
Due to the Loading of the cell from MSs that are in other cells. The higher
the loading allowed, the larger interference margin to be added. Between
20 to 50 % require 1 to 3 dB of interference margin, respectively.

Fast Fading (=PC headroom) :
Slow-moving pedestrian mobiles need fast power control to compensate
the fast fading (2 to 5 dB are needed). No Fast Fading Margin is required
for high speed mobiles because no Fast Power control is able to
compensate for Fast moving mobiles.

SOHO Gain (or SOft HO) :
SOHO is a kind of Reception Diversity, which brings an additional gain to
the UMTS System. Generally called : MACRO DIVERSITY COMBINING
(2 to 3 dB)
UMTS Radio Network Planning : Link Budget
Assumptions for the MS :
Speech Terminal
Maximum Transmit Power = 21 dBm
Antenna Gain = 0 dBi
Body Loss = 3 dB

Data Terminal
Maximum Transmit Power = 24 dBm
Antenna Gain = 2 dBi
Body Loss = 0 dB

Note : No body loss for Data Terminal as the MS is used away from
the body for Fax, Internet, etcunlike the Speech terminal where the
body effect is straightforward ! Antenna gain is also affected by the
body effect, which justifies the 0 dBi for Speech Terminals

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Link Budget
Assumptions for the Base Station :

Noise Figure = 5 dB (without TMA of course !)

Antenna Gain = 18 dBi (tri-sector BS)

Eb/No requirement :
12.2 kbps Speech = 5 dB
144 kbps Real-Time Data = 1.5 dB
384 kbps non-Real-Time Data = 1 dB

Cable Loss = 3 dB

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Link Budget
The following parameters are needed :

Effective Eb/No :


where : IM = Implementation Margin, PC
error
= Power Control Error

Thermal Noise Spectral Density q =k*T =-174 (dBm/Hz)

Information Rate R(dBHz) =30 + log(R(kpbs))

BTS Noise Figure NF =5 dB (or less using a TMA)

BTS Receiver Noise N =q + R(dBHz) +NF

BTS RX Sensitivity S :
UMTS Radio Network Planning : Link Budget
Error
o
b
Effective
o
b
PC IM
N
E
N
E
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
N
N
E
S
Effective
o
b
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
UMTS Radio Network Planning : Link Budget
Cable, Combiner and Connector Loss L
CCC
= 3 dB
BTS Rx Antenna Gain G
RX_Ant
= 18 dBi
BTS RX Sensitivity @ Air Interface :



Log-Normal Fade Margin (@ 98 % Area Probability) LNF = 9 dB
Handover Gain (Macro Diversity Gain) G
HO
= 3 dB
Penetration Loss Table :


Ant Rx CCC
ce AirInterfa
G L S S
_
+ =
In-building penetration loss dense urban 20
In-building penetration loss Urban 15
In-building penetration loss SubUrban 12
Low In-building penetration loss Rural 7
In-car penetration loss 6
Outdoor 0
Interference Margin (@ 50% Load) INT_Margin = 3 dB
This margin is in fact a tolerance of a load of 50 % due to interference from MSs
in neighboring cells

Maximum Allowed Path Loss MAPL(dB) :



Cell Radius :
MAPL = A + B*Log(r) from Okumura-Hata extended to 2.2 GHz

A and B are frequency, antenna height and environment -
dependent
UMTS Radio Network Planning : Link Budget
in M INT L G LNF L EiRP dB MAPL
n penetratio HO body
arg _ ) ( + =
UMTS Radio Network Planning : Cell Count
r
Surface of a tri-sectorial cell :


Number of Sites = Number of Cells /3


2
2
3
r A
Sector
=
Example :

if MAPL = 127 dB (typical for Dense Urban)
A = 137.67 for f = 1980 MHz and Hb = 30 m and 3 dB Correction factor for
a Metropolitan Environment (cf. Extended Okumura-Hata)
B = 35.22

then r = 0.409 km and A
sector
= 0.144 km
2

We assume S
total
= 100 km2 for Belgium (Dense Urban) : the Number of Sectors
required is thus 100/0.144 = 690 leading to 230 tri-sectorial Sites.
Dense Urban/Urban
Suburban
Rural/Open
Parameter Definition Unit Speech Speech LCD LCD LCD UDD UDD UDD
1 Information rate kbit/s 8 12,2 64 144 384 64 144 384
Transmit: MS
2 Average TX power (per carrier) dBm 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21
3 TX cable, conn. and combiner losses dB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 TX antenna gain dBi 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2
5 EiRP (per carrier) (2 - 3 +4) dBm 21 21 23 23 23 23 23 23
6 Radiation and body loss dB 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Receive: BTS
7 Required Eb/No dB 5 5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1 1 1
8 Implementation margin dB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
9 Effect power control error dB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10 Effective required Eb/No (7 + 8 + 9) dB 7 7 3,5 3,5 3,5 3 3 3
11 Spectral dens. thermal noise k*T dBm/Hz -174,0 -174,0 -174,0 -174,0 -174,0 -174,0 -174,0 -174,0
12 Chip Rate 10*log10(3840000) dBHz 65,8 65,8 65,8 65,8 65,8 65,8 65,8 65,8
13 BTS Noise figure dB 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0
14 BTS Receiver Noise Power (11 + 12 + 13) dBm -103,2 -103,2 -103,2 -103,2 -103,2 -103,2 -103,2 -103,2
15 Interference Margin dB 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0
16 Receiver Interference Power dBm -103,2 -103,2 -103,2 -103,2 -103,2 -103,2 -103,2 -103,2
17 Total Effective Noise + Interference dBm -100,2 -100,2 -100,2 -100,2 -100,2 -100,2 -100,2 -100,2
18 Processing Gain 10*log10(38400/Rkbps) dB 26,8 25,0 17,8 14,3 10,0 17,8 14,3 10,0
19 Cable Loss dB 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0
20 BTS Antenna Gain dBi 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0
21 BTS Effective Sensitivity (10 -18 + 17) dBm -120,0 -115,1 -114,4 -110,9 -106,7 -114,9 -111,4 -107,2
22 Standard deviation lognormal fading dB 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0
23 Lognormal margin (95% area cov) dB 7,3 7,3 7,3 7,3 7,3 7,3 7,3 7,3
24 Handover gain dB 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0
25 In-building penetration loss dense urban dB 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
26 In-building penetration loss Urban dB 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
27 In-building penetration loss SubUrban dB 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
28 Low In-building penetration loss Rural dB 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
29 In-car penetration loss dB 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
30 Outdoor dB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
31 Interference margin (@50% Load) dB 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
32 MAPL dense urban (5 + 20 + 24 - 6 - 15 - 19 - 21 - 23 - 25) dB 125,7 120,8 125,1 121,6 117,4 125,6 122,1 117,9
33 MAPL urban (5 + 20 + 24 - 6 - 15 - 19 - 21 - 23 - 25) dB 130,7 125,8 130,1 126,6 122,4 130,6 127,1 122,9
34 MAPL Suburban (5 + 20 + 24 - 6 - 15 - 19 - 21 - 23 - 25) dB 133,7 128,8 133,1 129,6 125,4 133,6 130,1 125,9
35 MAPL rural (5 + 20 + 24 - 6 - 15 - 19 - 21 - 23 - 25) dB 138,7 133,8 138,1 134,6 130,4 138,6 135,1 130,9
36 MAPL roads (5 + 20 + 24 - 6 - 15 - 19 - 21 - 23 - 25) dB 139,7 134,8 139,1 135,6 131,4 139,6 136,1 131,9
37 MAPL Outdoor (5 + 20 + 24 - 6 - 15 - 19 - 21 - 23 - 25) dB 145,7 140,8 145,1 141,6 137,4 145,6 142,1 137,9
Let N the BTS Receiver Noise power :

Let IM the Interference Margin (Equivalent Noise Rise above Thermal
Noise) : IM = 3 dB for a 50% Load (usually as a standard value)

The Equivalent BTS Receiver Interference power :



Total Noise + Interference :


UMTS Radio Network Planning : Noise and
Interference Equations
dB
NF kTW N + = ) ( log 10
10
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
+ +
10 10
10 10
10 10
10 10 log 10 log 10 10 10
N IM N N IM N
i I i
( ) IM N I N
dBm dBm
+ = +
Interference Margin = 6.0 dB
N = -103.2 dBm
I = -98 dBm and (N+I)
dBm
= -97.2 dBm
Power
I is the BTS Receiver Interference Power subject to 6 dB Noise Rise (75 % load)
above Thermal Noise.

If IM = 3 dB (50% Load) I would be = N = -103.2 dBm and N+I = -100.2 dBm


UMTS Radio Network Planning : Noise and
Interference Power Diagrams
RF Propagation and Cell Count
Model : COST231-HATA A=(46,33+33,9*log(f)-13,82*log(hb)
B=(44,9-6,55*log(hb)
PL = A + B * log (R) + correction factor
R (cell radius) = 10^((PL-A-correction factor)/B)
frequency f (MHz) 1980
base station height hb (m) 30
A 137,67
B 35,22
3 dB correction for Metropolitan areas 3
USING COST231-HATA Unit Speech Speech LCD LCD LCD UDD UDD UDD
Cell radius dense urban m 375 273 362 288 218 374 297 225
Cell radius urban m 633 461 611 485 367 631 502 380
Cell radius suburban m 770 561 744 591 447 768 610 462
Cell radius rural m 1067 778 1031 819 620 1065 846 641
Cell radius roads m 1140 831 1101 874 662 1137 903 684
Cell radius outdoor m 1687 1230 1629 1294 980 1684 1337 1012
Dense Urban Area 3-sector km 0,12 0,15 0,26 0,16 0,09 0,27 0,17 0,10
Urban Area 3-sector km 0,35 0,41 0,73 0,46 0,26 0,78 0,49 0,28
Suburban Area 3-sector km 0,51 0,61 1,08 0,68 0,39 1,15 0,73 0,42
Rural Area 3-sector km 0,99 1,18 2,07 1,31 0,75 2,21 1,39 0,80
Roads Area 3-sector km 1,13 1,35 2,36 1,49 0,85 2,52 1,59 0,91
Rural Outdoor Area 3-sector km 2,46 2,95 5,17 3,26 1,87 5,53 3,48 2,00
) (
10
r Log B A MAPL + =
Cell Radius Computation achieved using :

Where MAPL is Bit-rate (Service) and Environment - dependent