Body

Coordination
Chapter 2
What is body coordination?
the adjustment of our bodys reaction towards
any stimulus around us and from the inside of
our body.
ensures that each part of the body is
controlled so that it functions harmoniously
with each other when it receives a stimulus.

Types of coordinations
Nervous Coordination
Involves the nervous
system
Example:
walking, looking,
running, writing, talking,
listening, and reading
Chemical /hormonal
Coordination
Involves the endocrine
system
Example
body growth,
reproduction, controlling
blood concentration, and
food digestion
Importance
of body
coordination
enables our
body organs to
function as a
unit to detect
stimuli and
respond toward
them.
controls
coordination
between stimuli
and body
responses.
enables us to
adapt to the
changes around
us
helping us to
avoid injuries or
dangers.

Human
Nervous
System
Central
Nervous
System
Peripheral
Nervous
System
Brain Spinal Cord
Somatic
nervous
system
Autonomic
nervous
system
Cranial
Nerves
Spinal
Nerves
Central Nervous System
the central nervous system is the control
centre of the body.
this system consists of :
brain
spinal cord
the brain controls all activities of the body
like walking and seeing.

the spinal cord controls the reflex actions like
pulling the hand away when the fingers touch
a hot object.
the central nervous system receives impulses
from the sensory from the sensory organs or
other parts of the body for interpretation.
after an impulses is interpreted, a new impulse
is transmitted to the muscle or gland to
respond to the stimuli.

Peripheral Nervous System.
consists of all the nerves which connects
the CNS to the receptor and effector
located at other parts of the body.
the functions is to transmit impulses from
the sensory organs or receptor through
the central nervous system to the muscle
for it to respond accordingly or to the
gland to produce the required secretion.

PNS
Somatic Nervous System
controls all the voluntary
actions
consists of the spinal nerve
(from the spinal cord) and the
cranial nerve (from the brain)
spinal nerve controls
voluntary actions like walking,
scratching, and running.
cranial nerve controls
involuntary actions like
talking, smelling, and seeing.
Autonomic Nervous
System
controls involuntary action
example ; heartbeat, and
contraction of blood vessels.
contains nerves which
connect the spinal cord to
internal organs and glands
like liver, kidneys, heart, and
lungs.
Neurone
is a basic unit of the nervous
system.
the functions is to carry impulses.
cell body contains nucleus and
cytoplasm.
dendron is a cytoplasm projection
which spreads out from the cell
body.
.

neuron
dendrites is the small branches of
dendron.
axon is a long projection from the
cell body and surrounded by an
insulating membrane called myelin
sheath.
myelin sheath separated by small
gaps called nodes of Ranvier
Parts Of The Neurone And
Their Functions
Neurone Part Function
Cell body Controls all activities of the neurone.
Dendrite Receive impulses from other neurone and
transmits them to cell body.
Dendron Dendrite that carries impulses towards cell
body.
Axon Dendrite that carries impulses out of cell body.
Myelin sheath Insulator on axon that prevents the leakage of
impulses.

Increases the speed of impulses transmission.

Types of neurone

sensory neurone (neuron deria)
relay neurone (intermediate neurone) {neuron
perantaraan}
motor neurone (neuron motor)

Comparison Between Sensory Neuron, Relay
Neurone, And Motor Neurone
Characteristics Sensory Neurone Relay Neurone Motor Neurone



Structure


Position of cell
body
In the middle of
neurone
At the center of
neurone
At the end of
neurone
Length of
axon
Short Changes Long
Movement of
impulse
From the sensory
organ to the central
nervous system
From the sensory
neurone to the
motor neurone in
the central nervous
system
From the relay
neurone going out
from the central
nervous system to
the effectors
Function Carries impulses
from sensory organ
to central nervous
system
Transmits impulses
from sensory
neurone to motor
neurone
Transmits impulses
from central nervous
system to effector

What is synapse?
Synapse acts as a valve that control the
transmission of impulses in one direction only.
The junction between two adjacent neurones
(nerves cell)
Located in grey matter of spinal cord.
Nervous Coordination
Receptors
Receptors is a cell in the sensory organs
which detects stimuli resulting from the
changes in the surrounding.

Types of
sensory
organs
Effectors
Effectors is an organ which responds to the
stimuli :
muscles
gland

**All receptors and effectors are connected to
the nervous system by neurones.
Reflex Action
Reflex Action
are automatic and fast response of the body
towards external stimuli without the
involvement of thinking of the cerebrum.
(meaning)
takes place in the spinal cord.
it protects us from dangerous situations or
injuries.
the path of a reflex action is called a reflex
arc.


The pathway of impulse in the
nervous system
Stimulus
Example of reflex arc:
the receptor: sensory cells situated
in the skin
the effector : arm muscles
Knee-jerk


Receptors/
sensory
Sensory
neurones
Synapses
Relay
neurones
Synapses
Motor
neurones
Effectors /
muscles
Examples:
Stimulus Receptors Central
nervous
system
Effectors Responses
Nice smell
from food
on a table
Chemoreceptors
in the nostrils
Brain Salivary
glands
Saliva is
produced
Pain from
stepping on
a nail
Nerve endings in
the skin
brain/
spinal
cord
Muscles in
the legs
The leg is
moved
away from
the nail
Proprioceptors
Also known as stretch receptors
Proprioceptors are sensory
organs that are connected to
sensory neurones and are found
in muscles and tendons,
ligaments and joints.
Proprioceptors are sensitive to
changes in the tension
muscles, ligaments, tendons
and joint.
When there is movement, they
are stretched
Proprioceptors informs us about
the orientation and movement of
our body parts
Proprioceptors are important to
the blind
Kinesthesis is the awareness
of the position and movement
of the body
The numb feeling that e
sometimes get in our legs or
hands results from a lack of
proprioceptive impulses
The Human Brain
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s

Controlling our
response
Coordinating centre
for our responses
Store information