Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
USMAN SHEHZAIB
(Superior University LAHORE)
Electricity
• Electric Charge
• Atoms and Ions
• Coulomb’s Law
• Electric Field
• Electric Field Lines
• Potential Difference
2
Electric Charge
• like mass, is one of the basic properties of certain
elementary particles of which all matter is composed.
• There are two kinds of charge, positive charge and
negative charge.
• The positive charge in ordinary matter is carried by
protons, the negative charge by electrons.
• Charges of the same sign repel each other, charges of
opposite sign attract each other.
3
Electric Charge(Cont)
• The unit of charge is the coulomb (C). The charge of the proton is
+1.6 . 10−19 C, and the charge of the electron is −1.6 . 10−19 C.
• net electric charge in an isolated system always remains constant.
• When matter is created from energy, equal amounts of positive
and negative charge always
come into being, and when matter is converted to energy, equal
amounts of positive and negative charge disappear.
4
Atoms and Ions
5
Atoms and Ions(Cont)
6
Coulomb’s Law
7
Permittivity
8
Permittivity
9
Problem
10
Atoms and Ions
11
Electric Field
12
Electric Field Lines
13
Problem
14
Electric Field
15
Potential Difference
The potential difference V between two points in an
electric field is the amount of work needed to take
a charge of 1 C from one of the points to
the other. Thus
V=W/q
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Potential Difference
17
Electric Current
• Electric Current
• Ohm’s Law
• Resistivity
• Electric Power
18
Electric Current
• A flow of charge from one place to another
constitutes an electric current. An electric circuit
is a closed path in which an electric current
carries energy from a source (such as a battery
or generator), to a load (such as a motor or a
lamp).
19
Electric Current(cont)
• Aconductor is a substance through which charge
can flow easily, and an insulator is one through
which charge can flow only with great difficulty.
• Metals, many liquids, and plasmas (gases
whose molecules are charged) are conductors;
nonmetallic solids, certain liquids, and gases
whose molecules are electrically neutral are
insulators.
20
Electric Current(cont)
• Electric currents in metal wires always consist of
flows of electrons; such currents are assumed to
occur in the direction opposite to that in which the
electrons move. Since a positive charge going
one way is, for most purposes, equivalent to a
negative charge going the other way, this
assumption makes no practical difference. Both
positive and negative charges move when a
current is present in a liquid or gaseous
conductor.
21
Electric Current
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Electric Current
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Ohm’s Law
25
Problem
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Ohm’s Law
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Ohm’s Law
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Resistivity
• Resistivity
A
ρ=R Independent of
L sample geometry
SI units Ω-m
30
Electric Power
31
Problem
32
Table
33