Human Behaviour :

Psychological Perspective
MVL Mohan Rao
What is Behaviour?
Most people use the word behaviour mean to conduct


Psychology regards behaviour as any observable activity by
human being


Most Human Behaviours result from a combination of factors.


Stimulus
Response
Consequence
How can behaviour be observed ?
What is stimulus?


A Stimulus can be defined as the energy available in the physical
environment which impinge on an individual.



How do we recognise or ignore this energy ?




Response to the Stimulus :
Sensation (Information)
The response to the
stimulus is Sensation
At least 10 sensations have
been isolated

Vision
Audition
Olfaction
Touch, temperature, pain,
taste
Common chemical sense
Kinesthetic sense
Vestibular sense
Audition Vision
Olfaction
Individual
Perception
Perception results from adding meaning sensation

Perception can be defined as the cognitive process of
selecting, organising and attaching meaning or interpretation to
events objects or people in the environment

Perception is said to have taken place only after the information
(sensation) has been interpreted

Perception plays an important role in the Human Behaviour
Perception : Influencing Factors
Major Factors


Learning

Motives and Emotions

Maturation and Heredity
Learning
We learn through perception

Past experiences or previous learning affect present perception

For e.g. : Gun
Hunter perceives it to be an object that evokes excitement .

A person whose son is killed in a firing incident in the past
perceives it to be an object that evokes fear and pain

Motives and Emotions
Emotions and Motives have major influence on perception
For e.g.: Hungry people, tend to perceive food and related things
everywhere.

Prejudiced mind perceives selectively other people in ways that
support it
For e.g.:
A boy who is in love with a girl perceives her every action as
an indication of love towards him.
Maturation and Heredity
Maturity of sensory organs
Born blind cannot make sense of the visual environment, even
after getting vision with the help of a surgery.

After surviving for years in a lightless world, they have to unlearn
all their auditory and tactile

Need to accommodate the new visual frame of reference
Heredity
Human beings are born with talents, these need to be developed
through practice
Cognition- Thinking
Cognition represents the most complex form of a Human
Behaviour

It is the highest form of mental activity
It is the basis for all human achievements
Concepts, problem solving, language intelligence and creativity all
are depend upon the ability to think
It is purposeful,mental manipulation of words and images
It helps the human to solve problems without any physical motion

Cognition- contd
There are few elements of thinking are identified
such as

Concepts
Propositions
Images
Reasoning
Cognition- Concepts

Concepts are mental categories for objects or events that
look different but similar to one another in certain respects

Concept formation
Abstraction
Dog ness
Generalisation
Biting is essential

Concepts- Classification
Concepts- classification1
Objects
Table, Horse and Man
Qualities
Brightness, Sincerity and Honesty
Relations
Big, Small and Narrow
Concepts- classification2
Artificial concepts
Tomato, Triangle
Natural concepts
Painting, music and dancing


Cognition- Propositions
Propositions are cognitive actions that relate concepts to one
another
Basic element of thinking process

Thinking is an active process

Frequently thinking involves relating one concept to another
or one feature of concept to the entire concept
e.g. 1.Politicians are often-Self serving
2. This is a very interesting book.


Cognition - Images
Images may be defined as a revived percept without a stimulation
of the sense organs from an external source

Think about your friend!!!!!!!!

You make a mental picture of your friend
What happens??
Cognition- Imagination
Imagination is the process of manipulating the mental images in our
thinking

We can imagine any way
e.g. Imagine a dog chasing a Tiger!!!!!!

Cognition-Reasoning
Reasoning is a form of logical thinking

Reasoning can be defined as a cognitive activity that
transforms the information to reach specific conclusions

How people use formal reasoning procedures

There are two major forms
Deductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning
Cognition- Deductive reasoning
To explain deductive reasoning Aristotle proposed a logical form
called Syllogism

Syllogism is a step by step approach to arrive at a conclusion

The steps are
Major premise
Minor premise
Conclusion
e.g. All men are mortal (major premise)
Socrates is a man ( minor premise)
Therefore Socrates is mortal (conclusion)
Cognition-Inductive reasoning
The conceptual complement of deductive reasoning is inductive
reasoning
In inductive reasoning
We infer general rule from a specific case.

Generally detectives and secret agents use this form of
reasoning to identify criminals by amassing all the clues

e.g. If a person blows pop music regularly. We try to form an
impression about that person as a whole with that specific piece of
information


Cognition-Other Important aspects
Problem solving
Trial and error method
Testing hypothesis
Algorithms
Heuristics
Working background
Analogies

Intelligence
Emotional intelligence
Artificial intelligence


Cognition- Other important
aspects

Creativity
Divergent thinking
Convergent thinking

Memory
Sensory memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory


Attitudes: Human behaviour
Attitudes are associations between attitude objects and
evaluations of those objects.

Attitude is nothing but the quality and direction of our thought
process through which we respond to the world.

According to most psychologists attitudes are learned.
How attitudes are formed?

Attitudes: Human behaviour
Attitudes are acquired through experience

Social learning: Acquiring attitudes from others
Classical conditioning
Instrumental conditioning
Modeling: Learning by example
Comparison and attitude formation
Genetic Factors

Attitude Formation: Social
Learning
When we interact with others or merely observe their behaviour
attitudes are learned.

This is known as classical conditioning
Classical conditioning can occur below the levels of conscious
awareness even when persons are not aware of the stimuli
e.g. We can quote a real life situation here.
A young child, for instance sees her mother frown and show
emotional discomfort each time she encounters members of a
minority group- a particular racial group.


Attitude Formation: Social
Learning
A learning state to Right views .

This process is called instrumental conditioning.

By rewarding children with smiles, approval or hugs elders can
play a key role in this process.
e.g.: Parents applause every time their child dances for a popular
dance number, dancing becomes a habit for the child.
Positive reinforcement is the basis of this process
People repeat their attitudes when they receive reward and
recognition for their Right views
Modeling: Learning by example
Modeling is a basic form of a learning in which we acquire new
forms of attitude by observing others

Often children observe their parents and repeat what ever they do.
Parents need to be careful and conscious in the way they exhibit their
attitudes in the presence of children.
Normally parents deny children from doing lot of things which are fine
for themselves
e.g.: Telling lies, Smoking and Watching adult movies

It is very clear that children learn to do what their parents do , but
not what they say!!!!!!!!!!!

Attitude formation: Comparison
This refers to our tendency to compare ourselves with others.

We use this, in order to determine whether our view of social
reality is correct or not.

We often change our attitudes, so as to hold our views closer to
that of others

This process helps us to form new attitudes


Attitude formation: Genetic factors
We accept the fact that genetic factors influence the physical
aspects i.e.; Height, color of skin and eyes etc...

Similarly these genetic factors influence our way of thinking

Thought occurs in brain and it is also a physical part, as any
other part of the body which has influence of genes.

However, to some extent, genetic factors do influence attitude

Attitudes : Influence on Human
Behaviour
Does attitude influence Human Behaviour?

If yes when and how?

According to Allport attitudes are a set of tendencies and
predispositions which have major impact on Human behaviour.
Studies have shown that there is often a sizable gap between
attitudes and behaviour

La-Piere had interpreted the attitude Behaviour gap-as something
between what people say and what actually they do.




Attitudes : Influence on Human
Behaviour
Several studies have shown that there are major factors which
serve as moderators they influence to which extent attitudes
affect behaviour.

They are most related to

Aspects of situation
Aspects of attitudes of themselves
Aspects of individuals
Moderators : Aspects of Situation
They are purely

Situational
In fact, people cannot express their attitude, since that would be
contrary to the norms in a given situation
Time pressure
If persons are under time pressure and as a result haveto
Take a decision
Act quickly
They tend to fallback on their attitudes as quick-and-easy guides.
- They become more attentive and use info carefully!



Moderators : Aspects of attitudes
themselves
The link between attitudes and Behaviour is strongly moderated
by aspects of attitudes themselves
Attitude origins
Direct experience and indirect process
Attitude Strength
Strength refers to the extremity or intensity of the attitude
how strong is the emotional reaction provoked by attitude
object
Attitude importance
Self interest
Social identification
Value relevance


Moderators : Aspects of Individual
Is attitude Behaviour link is stronger for some persons than for
others ?
Yes through process called - Self-monitoring
Low self-monitored
Focus their attention outward and try to match with the people around
them
Predictable
High self-monitored
Use their attitude as a guide to their behaviour
Look or focus inward
Unpredictable


Attitudes: Influence on Human
behaviour
How do attitudes influence behaviour?
Two basic mechanisms identified by researchers

Attitudes, Reasoned thought and Behaviour
Intentions of the person
Subjective norms. Related to beliefs of the person how others will
evaluate this behaviour

Attitudes, immediate Behaviour Reactions
Attitude influences perception
Knowledge about several social norms


Personality- Human Behaviour
Clearly speaking, there is something inside people that makes
them think, feel and act in a situation

That Something Inside is what we mean by personality

Personality can be defined as the unique and consistent pattern
of behaviour , thoughts and feelings in a wide variety of
situations over a long period of time

Consistency is the KEY
Personality -Determinants
Biological factors
Genetics
Hormones

Physical environment
Climate
Ions

Psychological factors
Self-concept
intelligence
Personality Determinants
Familial Determinants
Identification
Child rearing practice
Influence on self-concept
Social class
Social stratification
Cultural factors
Values and Norms
Religion
Education

Personality - Types
Generally people describe persons or personalities as shy,
irritable, gullible, aggressive, dominant, sociable, easygoing,
jovial, cunning etc.

To put it in simple terms personality is the unique, relatively
consistent pattern of thinking, feeling and behaving


Our personality , otherwise is the behaviour noticed by others

Personality-Types
Carl Gustav Jung studied personality vs
behaviour in depth and established personality
types theory

He believed that each individual has a
psychological type

He believed there are two basic functions which
humans use in their lives

How we take information (Perceive)
How we make decisions (Response)




1875 to 1961
Jung with Freud
Personality-Types
He believed that within these two categories, there are two
opposite ways of functioning:
We can perceive information via our
Senses
or
Intuition
We can make decisions based on our
Objective logic
or
Subjective feelings

Personality-Types
Jung believed that we all use these four functions in our lives

An order of preference and difference in usage of these
functions is identified in every individual by Jung

The most frequently used function is Dominant

This is supported by an Auxiliary function
Tertiary
Inferior
Personality-Types
Jung derived in his theory that individuals either be
Extroverted
or
Introverted
as a dominant function

He felt that the dominant function is so important, it over shadows
the all other functions in terms of defining a personality type.

Personality-Types
Therefore Jung defined 8 personality types
Extraverted Sensing (modern types: ESFP, ESTP)
Introverted Sensing (modern types: ISTJ, ISFJ)
Extraverted Intuition (modern types: ENFP, ENTP)
Introverted Intuition (modern types: INFJ, INTJ)
Extraverted Thinking (modern types: ESTJ, ENTJ)
Introverted Thinking (modern types: ISTP, INTP)
Extraverted Feeling (modern types: ESFJ, ENFJ)
Introverted Feeling (modern types: INFP, ISFP)
Personality-Types
The developed theory today is that every individual has a
primary mode of operation within four categories:

Our flow of energy
How we take in information
How we prefer to make decisions
The basic day-to-day lifestyle that we prefer

Personality-Types

Within each of these categories, we "prefer" to be either:

Extraverted or Introverted
Sensing or intuitive
Thinking or Feeling
Judging or Perceiving

The combination of our four "preferences" defines our
personality type
Personality-Types
Flow of Energy defines
How we receive the essential part of our stimulation?
Do we receive it from within ourselves (Introverted) or from
external sources (Extroverted)?
Is our dominant function focused externally or internally?
Take in Information deals with our preferred method of taking in
and absorbing information.
Do we trust our five senses (Sensing) to take in information,
or
do we rely on our instincts (Intuitive)?

Personality-Types
Make Decisions refers to
Whether we are prone to decide things based on logic and
objective consideration (Thinking)?
or
based on our personal, subjective value systems (Feeling)?
Day-to-day Basis.
Are we organised and purposeful, and more comfortable with
scheduled, structured environments (Judging)?
or
Are we flexible and diverse, and more comfortable with open,
casual environments (Perceiving)?



Personality - Types Today

The theory of Personality Types, as it stand today, contends
that:

An individual is either primarily Extraverted or Introverted
An individual is either primarily Sensing or Intuitive
An individual is either primarily Thinking or Feeling
An individual is either primarily Judging or Perceiving


The possible combinations of the basic preferences form 16
different Personality Types.


Personality Types- Introverted
Dominant Introverted Intuition
INTJ & INFJ Personality Type

Dominant Introverted Sensing
ISTJ & ISFJ Personality Type

Dominant Introverted Thinking
INTP & ISTP Personality Type

Dominant Introverted Feeling
INFP & ISFP Personality Type

Personality Types- Extroverted
Dominant Extraverted Intuition
ENTP & ENFP Personality Type

Dominant Extraverted Sensing
ESTP & ESFP Personality Type

Dominant Extraverted Thinking
ENTJ & ESTJ Personality Type

Dominant Extraverted Feeling
ENFJ & ESFJ Personality Type


Personality-Types
The Four Preferences

Extraversion and Introversion

Sensing and Intuition

Thinking and Feeling

Judging and Perceiving
Personality-Types
Extroversion and Introversion
We are extroverting when we:
Talk to other people
Listen to what someone is saying
Cook dinner, or make a cup of coffee
Work on a car
We are introverting when we:
Read a book
Think about what we want to say or do
Are aware of how we feel
Think through a problem so that we understand
Personality-Types
Sensing and Intuition
We are Sensing when we:
Taste food
Notice a stoplight has changed
Memorize a speech
Follow steps in a plan
We are Intuitive when we:
Come up with a new way of doing things
Think about future implications for a current action
Perceive underlying meaning in what people say or do
See the big picture


Personality-Types
Thinking and Feeling

We are making decisions in the Thinking mode when we:
Research a product via consumer reports, and buy the best one to
meet our needs
Do "The Right Thing", whether or not we like it
Choose not to buy a blue shirt which we like, because we have
two blue shirts
Establish guidelines to follow for performing tasks

Personality-Types
Thinking and Feeling

We are making decisions in the Feeling mode when we:
Decide to buy something because we like it
Refrain from telling someone something which we feel may upset
them
Decide not to take a job because we don't like the work
environment
Decide to move somewhere to be close to someone we care about
Personality-Types
Judging and Perceiving

We are using Judging when we:
Make a list of things to do
Schedule things in advance
Form and express judgments
Bring closure to an issue so that we can move on

We are using Perceiving when we:
Postpone decisions to see what other options are available
Act spontaneously
Decide what to do as we do it, rather than forming a plan ahead of
time
Do things at the last minute


Personality-Types
Few points to remember
No individual will fall into one category
It becomes clear that we cannot box individuals into prescribed
formulas for behaviour
Each of us has a natural preference which falls into one category
(Native Personality)
Personality Type indicates how we are likely to deal with different
situations that life presents, and in which environments we are
most comfortable.
Learning about our Personality Type helps us to understand
why certain areas in life come easily to us, and others are
more of a struggle


Practical Application for Personality
Types
Learning about other people's Personality Types help us to
understand the most effective way to communicate with them,
and how they function best
Career Guidance
What types of tasks are we most suited to perform? Where are we
naturally most happy?
Managing Employees
How can we best understand an employee's natural capabilities,
and where they will find the most satisfaction?

Practical Application for Personality
Types
Inter-personal Relationships
Understanding of their reactions to situations,
Communicate with them on a level which they will
understand
Education
We can develop different teaching methods to effectively educate
different types of people
Counseling
we can help individuals understand themselves better, and
become better able to deal with their strengths and weaknesses


Stimulus
Response
Consequence
Personality Type -Human Behaviour
Human Behaviour- Change
Change is the only thing that is constant



Human Behaviour is complex and it changes
by experience

Thank you