Respiration

38 ATP
686 kcal

6H2O + 6CO2

C6H12O6 + 6O2
 Cellular activity

Anabolic Catabolic
Active transport, Muscle
contraction, Locomotion, Respiration
Conduction of impulse,
Cell division, Growth,
Photosynthesis
Anabolic Catabolic
Respiration
is
Catabolic
ATP molecule
 ATP

P P P A
gar
Su

Oxidative phosphorylation
 ATP

7.3 kcal7.3 kcal3.4 kcal

P P P A
gar
Su
 Mitochondrion
Mito = Thread, Chondrion = granule

• 1880- Kollikar observed first.

• 1882- Flemming called ‘filia’.
• 1900- Michaelis Janus green ‘B’ as vital stain
• 1894- Altman called ‘bioplast’- Benefit.
• 1898- Benda gave the name.
• Seekvitz- ‘Power house of cell’
• Hogeboom- Site of respiration.
 Inner chamber
Outer chamber
Oxysome Mitochondrion
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Cristae
Matrix

M
1 DNA
I
3 to 5 C
micron
R Intracrestal
O
space
n

Ribosome
ADP+ iP = ATP (70S)
Head piece(100Athick)

Stalk
Base piece (115A in L & 45A in T)
 Functions of Mitochondria
• Site of aerobic respiration
• Power House of cell.
• Intermediates for biomolecules.
• Amino acid synthesis.
• Regulation of Calcium.
• Maternal inheritance
• Thermiogenesis.
 ATP SYNTHESIS

Matrix
 Types of respiration

Aerobic Anaerobic
Complete oxidation Incomplete oxidation
Regular in eukaryotes In bacteria, yeast…
1 glucose gives 38 ATP
CH O
6 12 6 + 6 2O HO O +38 ATP
6 2
End product are simple
+16glucose
C 2
gives 2 ATP
End products are complex
CH O
6 non
12 toxic
6 2 H OH+ 2 O 2 ATP
C2 5 C 2+
, toxic.
Overall reaction
Glycolysis

Krebs cycle

Terminal oxidation
 Glycolysis
Reaction was discovered by Embden, Meyerhof and
Paranus (EMP path way).
It is a 9 step mechanism.
Does not require oxygen.
It occurs in cytoplasm.
It is common for both aerobic & anaerobic respiration.
It is first step of respiration .
Glucose(6C) is broken down in to 2 molecules of
PA(3C).
 Glycolysis / EMP path way
Glucose
ATP
1 Hexokinase
ADP+ iP

Glucose 6-phosphate

Isomerase
2

Fructose 6-phosphate
 Fructose 6-phosphate

ATP
3 Phospho fructo kinase
ADP+ iP

Fructose 1,6- diphosphate

4 Aldolase

3PGAL 3PGAL
DHAP
 3PGAL 3PGAL
NAD NAD
5 NADH2 H3PO4
Triose phosphate
dehydrogenase NADH2

1,3-diPGA 1,3-diPGA
ADP+ iP ADP+ iP

6 ATP Kinase ATP

3PGA 3PGA

7 Mutase

2PGA 2PGA
 2PGA 2PGA

8 H 2O Enolase H2O

PEPA PEPA
ADP+ iP ADP+ iP
9 Kinase
ATP ATP

PA PA
Lactic acid Alcohol Lactic acid
 Significance of Glycolysis
There is partial oxidation of glucose without using
O2
Formation 2 PA, 2 NADH2, 2ATP.
Intermediate compound may used in metabolism
like fat, Proteins.
2ATP used & 4 ATP formed directly.
Net gain of 2 ATP directly.
If Aerobic – 2 NADH2  ETS = 6 ATP
Total ATP formed = 10 ATP
2ATP
 Oxydative
Acetylation
decarboxylation
It starts in cytoplasm & completed in matrix.
It require 5 co-factors- TPP, lipoic acid, NAD, Co-A,
Mg++
PA(3C) undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to form
Acetyl
Removal of H2 is accepted by NAD to form NADH2
Removal of CO2 results Acetyl (2C).
Acetyl combine with Co-A to form Acetyl Co-A in
perimitochondrial space.
Acetyl Co-A is connecting link between Glycolysis &
Kreb’s cycle. connecting link
 2 Pyruvic acid(3C)
CO2

2 NAD
Pyruvate
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
decarboxylase
2 NADH2
TPP
2 Acetyl(2C) Mg++
Lipoic acid

Co-A
2 Acetyl Co-A
 Krebs cycle
It is second step in aerobic respiration.
First described by Sir Hans Krebs in 1937 hence Krebs
cycle.
It occurs in the matrix of mitochondrion.
The first formed acid is citric acid hence citric acid cycle.
Enzymes also found in cytoplasm except- Ketoglutaric
dehydrogenase & succinic dehydrogenase
Most of acids with three carboxylic groups hence TCA
cycle.
 Acetyl Co-A 2C

O A A 4C Citric acid 6C
NAD H2O
H2 O
NADH2
Cis aconitic acid 6C
Malic acid 4C H2 O
H2O Isocitric acid 6C
NAD
Fumaric acid 4C NADH2
FAD
Oxalo succinic acid 6C
FADH2
CO
Succinic acid 4C 2
ADP NAD Keto
GDP glutaric acid 5C
ATP NADH2
H2O GTP
Co-A Succinyl Co-A 4C Co-A
CO
 2 Acetyl Co-A 2C
2
O A A 4C ATP
2 count Citric acid 6C
NAD H2O 2 H2 O
NADH2
2 2 Cis aconitase 6C

24
Malic acid 4C 2 H2 O
H2O
2
Fumaric acid 4C
22
6 6
ETS
4 6 2 NAD
Isocitric acid 6C
2
FAD 2Total
Through
ETS
NADH2

Oxalo succinic acid 6C

2 FADH2
2 CO
Succinic acid 4C 2 2 2
ADP NAD Keto
GDP glutaric acid 5C
ATP
H2O 2 GTP
NADH2

Co-A Succinyl Co-A 4C 2 Co-A

CO
 Acetyl Co-A 2C

O A A 4C H2O calculation Citric acid 6C

NAD H2O
H2 O
NADH2 H2O H2Oaconitase 6C
Cis
Malic acid 4C H2 O H2 O H2 O
H2O
2 2 H2O Isocitric acid 6C
H2O H2O H2 O 2
8H2O
6H NAD
Fumaric acid 4C
2 NADH2
FAD
H2O Oxalo succinic acid 6C
FADH2
CO
Succinic acid 4C 2
H2O ADP NAD Keto
GDP glutaric acid 5C
ATP NADH2
H2O GTP
Co-A Succinyl Co-A 4C Co-A
CO
 Significance of Krebs cycle
Pyruvic acid is completely oxidised to CO2 & H2O.
Total ATP produced is 24 including ETS
Direct ATP produced without ETS is 2.
Total ATP produced only through ETS is 22.
It common pathway for the break down of
carbohydrates, fats, proteins.
6H2O molecules are utilized.
 Electron transport system (ETS)
• IT is final step of aerobic respiration.
• Occurs on cristae & oxysome.
• Energy is actually released as ATP.
• It consist of respiratory chain complex,with enzyme &
co-enzyme
• Electron traveled through this and releases energy
which is trapped in ATP
• 1 NADH2 through ETS produces 3ATP& 1H2O
• 1 FADH2 through ETS produces 2ATP &
1 H2O
 Cytochromes were discovered by Mac Cunn
 2
2 2

e-

H+
H+
H+
 ATP ATP ATP

Inter
memb
space

NAD FAD
AH2 Fe+++ Fe+++ Fe+++ Fe+++ 1/2O2

Co Q 2Cyt.b 2Cyt.c 2Cyt.a1 2Cyt.a3 2e-

A Fe++ Fe++ Fe++ O2--

Fe++ 1/2

NADH2 FADH2

ADP+ iP ADP+ iP ADP+ iP

H2 O
2H+
Matrix
Terminal oxidation
 Significance of ETS
It involve oxidative phosphorylation
34ATP formed by 10 NADH2 & 2 FADH2
Last H2 acceptor is CoQ
H2 splits in to 2H+ & 2e- by CoQ.
2H+ combine with 1/2O2 to form H2O
2e- passed through ETS to form energy.
Prevent damage of cell by over heating.
 Total gain of ATP
Glycolysis ---- 2NADH2 ---ETS = 6 ATP
Glycolysis-------2ATP direct = 2 ATP
Acetylation-----2NADH2----ETS = 6 ATP
Krebs cycle----6NADH2------ETS = 18 ATP -
2FADH2 ----ETS = 4 ATP
2ATP direct = 2
ATP
-------------
38 ATP