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TEMPERATURE AND
PRESSURE
PRESENTED BY GROUP-12 OF
C.S./I.T. BATCH OF 2008-2009
A SAMPLE OF
TRANSDUCER
MEMBERS OF THE
GROUP
1.VIBHAV VINEET
2.SHREYANSH SUBHAM
3.SAURABH KUNAL
4.SHASHANK SHEKHAR
5.RAKESH RANJAN
CONTENTS
1.TEMPERATURE MEASURING
TRANSDUCERS
2.VIBRATION MEASURING
TRANSDUCERS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. A TEXTBOOK OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING-B.L.THEREJA
2. BASIC ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING-BIBIN
G.S.
3. WWW.EEE.GSTA.COM
BACKGROUND
INFORMATION
Thermistors are essentially semiconductor devices which
behave as thermal resistors having a high negative
temperature coefficient of resistance. The sensors are
made of sintered ceramics, usually from mixtures of
oxides iron, manganese, nickel, cobalt and copper in the
form of beads or discs. The resistance value at ambient
temperature may range from 100 Ω to 100 kΩ. The
variation
of resistance with temperature is nonlinear,
decreasing
with temperature.
The resistance of a thermistor
at a temperature t,RT can be
expressed by the equation
Rt=Ro.exp(β(To-T)/TTo)
where β is the material constant for
the thermistor (K) and is the standard
reference temperature (K). βTo is
usually about 4000K.
The temperature coefficient
α, can be expressed as,
α=1/Rt.dRt/dT=-β/T2
Note that α is a nonlinear
function of temperature.
The resistance vs. temperature characteristics of
the thermistors, can be linearized by shunting it
with a proper resistor . The value of for a desired
temperature can be Rp
Rp=Rt(β-2Tm)/ (β+2Tm)
Because of its small size, thermistors are
ideally suited for measuring temperature
distributions or gradients. The
measurement of the change in resistance
can be carried out with a standard
Wheatstone bridge.
The Temperature Transducer Facilities
FIGURE 1
The Temperature
Transducer Facilities
Figure 1 shows the layout of
the temperature transducer
facilities.
The active transducers are
contained within a clean
plastic container which
includes a heater.
In the case of the N.T.C.
thermistors and the
thermocouples, a separate unit is
mounted outside the heated
enclosure.
The I.C. Temperature
Transducer
This is an integrated circuit containing 16 transistors, 9
resistors and 2 capacitors contained in a transistor type
package.
The device reference number is LM 335 and it provides an
output of 10 mV/oK. A measurement of the output voltage
therefore indicates the temperature directly in oK. For
example, at a temperature of 20 oC (293 oK), the output
voltage will be 2.93 V.
The circuit arrangement provided With is shown .
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 3
The platinum film is trimmed with a
laser be am so that the resistance is
100 Ω at 0 oC.
The resistance of the film increases as the temperature
increases, i.e. it has a positive temperature coefficient.
The increase in resistance is linear, the relationship
between resistance change and temperature rise being
0.385 Ω/oC for the unit.
Rt=Ro+0.385t
where is the resistance at
temperature t oC (Rt) and is the
resistance at 0 oC
(Ro ) which is equal to 100 Ω.
Normally, the unit would be connected to a D.C.
supply via a series resistor and the voltage
developed across the transducer is measured.
where
R1: Resistance at temperature in
T1oK,
R2: Resistance at temperature in
T2oK,
B: Characteristic temperature (=
4350 oK).
Two similar units are provided, one being
mounted inside the heated enclosure, this being
connected to the +5 V supply and designated A.
Temperature Transducer
Figure 6 shows the basic construction of a
thermocouple, consisting of two wires of different
materials joined together at one end.
The second thermocouple does not contribute to the output voltage because
its “hot” and “cold” junctions are maintained at the same temperature.
The circuit arrangement is as shown in Figure 7.
Due to low voltage output, the output requires amplification, an amplification
factor of 248 giving an output of 10 mV/oC.
During operation, the temperature of the “cold” junction varies, due mainly
to heat conduction from the heater along the baseboard and the junction is in
effect “floating”. This is a common occurrence with thermocouple
installations where the thermocouple leads are short.
(b) Accelerometers
The accelerometer generates an output signal that is proportional to the
acceleration of the vibrating mechanism. This device is, perhaps, preferred
over the velocity pickup, for a number of reasons. For example,
accelerometers have good sensitivity characteristics and a wide useful
frequency range; they are small in size and light in weight and thus are
capable of measuring the vibration at a specific point without, in general,
loading the vibrating structure.
In addition, the devices can be used easily with electronic integrating
networks to obtain a voltage proportional to velocity or displacement.
However, the accelerometer mounting, the interconnection cable,
and the instrumentation connections are critical factors in
measurements employing an accelerometer. The general comments
made earlier concerning the mounting of a velocity pickup also apply
to accelerometers.
(i) Preamplifiers
The second element in the vibration measurement
system is the preamplifier. This device, which may
consist of one or more stages, serves two very
useful purposes: it amplifies the vibration pickup
signal, which is in general very weak, and it acts as
an impedance transformer or isolation device
Recall that the manufacturer provides both charge and voltage
sensitivities for accelerometers. Likewise, the preamplifier may be
designed as a voltage amplifier in which the output voltage is
proportional to the input voltage, or a charge amplifier in which the
output voltage is proportional to the input charge. The difference
between these two types of preamplifiers is important for a number
of reasons.