SEMINAR

INTRODUCTION
Semiconductors are the basic materials used in
the present solid state electronic devices like
diode, transistor, ICs etc.
Semiconductors are small in size , consume low
power, operate at low voltages and have long life
and high reliability.
Most of the currently used semiconductors
devices are based on elemental semiconductors
Si or Ge and compound inorganic
semiconductors.
 BASICS
• Atomic structure
Our present planetary atomic model was
proposed by Neils Bohr

According to Bohr atom model , an atom is

composed of negatively charged electrons
moving in fixed elliptical orbits around a
heavy positively charged nucleus made up
of protons and neutrons.
ELECTRON ORBIT
According to Planck’s Quantum theory ,
an electron cannot revolve round the
nucleus in any arbitrary orbit but in only
certain definite discrete and fixed orbits.
They are designated by letters
K,L,M,N….etc which have principal
quantum nos. n=1,2,3,4….etc.
The maximum no. of electrons a shell can
have is 2(n2).
ELECTRON SUBORBIT
ELECTRON SUBORBIT
Electron orbit actually contains a number of
Suborbits with the exception of the n=1 or
K-orbit which is its own suborbit .The
number of suborbit.The number of
suborbit
in an orbit equals its principle quantum
number,n.The total number of electrons
(which equals 2n2) gets distributed
amongst these subshells.
 VALENCE ELECTRONS

The electrons occupying the outermost orbit of

an atom are called valence electrons.
This makes them good conductors of
electricity.
They determine the chemical and electrical
properties of the element.
It also helps in forming atomic bonds.
 ORBITAL ENERGY

The total energy (both kinetic and potential)

possessed by an electron when it revolves
in the nth orbit of an atom with atomic
number Z is given by

En = - 13.6 Z2/n2 eV
 VALENCE AND CONDUCTION BANDS

Energy band occupied by the valence

electrons is called Valence Band.
It may either be completely-filled or partially
filled with electrons but can never be empty.
The electrons which have left the valance
band are called Conduction electrons.
The band occupied by these electrons is
called Conduction Band.
It may either be empty or partially-filled with
electrons.
The valence band and conduction band are
separated by a gap known as forbidden
energy gap.
 HOLE FORMATION

If an electron has sufficient energy ,it can

jump across the forbidden energy gap and
enter the conduction band.
Thus a vacancy is left behind in the
valence band which is called a Positive
hole.
An electron from an adjacent atom jumps
into this hole.
Thus holes are filled by electrons which
move from adjacent atoms without
passing through the forbidden energy gap.
 INSULATORS

Energy gap > 3eV

 SEMICONDUCTORS

• Energy gap < 3eV

 CONDUCTORS

Energy gap (Eg ) approx. equal to zero

 TEXT BOOK AND REFERENCES

B.L.THERAJA
GOOGLE
 PRESENTED BY GROUP 5

SABNA
SRUTHI ANN
SRUTHY B S
RADHIKA
REVATHI