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Lecture 3
Stoichiometry
1 - Chemical Changes
• Chemical properties describes the reaction a substance undergo to
form new substances.
• The study of chemical changes is at the heart of chemistry.
– Some chemical changes are simple and some are complex.
• For example, changes that occur in your brain and eyes allow you to see and think.
These are complex chemical changes
3 - Chemical Equations
• The chemical equation for the formation of water can be
visualized as two hydrogen molecules reacting with one
oxygen molecule to form two water molecules:
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
Products
Reactants
O
Class Practice Problem
Balance the following equations:
(a) Na(s) + H2O(l) NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
•
–
• Formula weights (FW) is the sum of the atomic weights of each atom in the
chemical formula.
FW (H2SO4) = 2AW(H) + AW(S) + 4AW(O)
= 2(1.0 amu) + (32.0 amu) + 4(16.0)
= 98.0 amu
• If the chemical formula is also its molecular formula then the weight is called the
molecular weight (MW).
MW(C6H12 O6) = 6(12.0 amu) + 12(1.0 amu) + 6(16.0 amu)
% Element =
( No. of Atoms of Element )( AW )
×100
FW of Compound
Class Practice Problem
• Calculate the FW of C12 H22 O11 .
8 - Molar Mass
• Molar mass: mass in grams of 1 mole of substance (units
g/mol, g.mol-1 ).
• Experimentally, 1 mole of 12 C = 12 g, which can be
written as 12g/mol.
9 - The Mole
• The unit we use to express the quantity of atoms, ions,
and molecules that an object contains is called mole.
• Mole: convenient measure chemical quantities.
• The actual number of atoms, ions, or molecules in 1 mole
of something = 6.0221367 × 1023 (Advogadro’s
number) of that thing.
• Thus,
• 1 mole of 12 C atoms = 6.02 x 1023 12 C atoms
• 1 mole of H2O molecules = 6.02 x 1023 molecules
• 1 mole of NO3- ions = 6.02 x 1023 ions
Visualizing The Mole Concept
Different Units
Class Practice Problem
• How many C atoms are in 0.350 mol of
C6H12 O6?
9 - Limiting Reactants
• If the reactants are not present in stoichiometric amounts,
at end of reaction some reactants are still present (in
excess).
• Limiting Reactant: one reactant that is consumed
• Used 23 g Na and 32 g Oxygen. Which is the limiting
reagent
• 4 x 23 1 x 32
• 4Na + O2 4Na2O
• 23 32
• Oxygen needed = 23 x 32/ (4 x23) = 8 g
• Sodium needed = 32 x 4 x 23/ (32) = 4 x 23 = 72 g
Limiting Reactants
Limiting Reactants
Theoretical Yields