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PUMP TECHNOLOGY TRAINING

- CENTRIFUGAL PUMP TECHNOLOGY
- CLASSIFICATION OF PUMP
- CENTRIFUGAL PUMP FUNCTION
- HYDRAULID DESIGN
- IMPELLER DESIGN
- BASIC PUMP HYDRAULIC
- INSTALLATION
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CENTRIFUGAL PUMP TECHNOLOGY
Pump definition
- Liquid higher pressure
- Deliver liquid
- Energy transfer device

Centrifugal Force
Kinetic Pump
Centrifugal force
Displacement Pump
Changed volume
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Kinetic Pump Positive Displacement Pump
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Delivery Gas
Machine that deliver liquids are simply called pump but if gas are involved three
different term are in use
Fan
Pressure rise very small
Blower
Up to 1 atm
Compressor
Above 1 atm
Extract Energy
Machine that extract energy from the fluid
Turbine
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CLASSIFICATION OF PUMP
Pumps maybe classified on the basis of the applications they serve, the material from
which they are constructed, the liquid they handle, and even their orientation in space.
Application Material Pumping
Medium
Orientation
A basic system of pump classification defines the principle by which energy is added to
the fluid. This system is therefore related to the pump itself and is unrelated to any
consideration external to the pump such as material or orientation of pump.
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A. Classification of kinetic pump B. Classification of displacement pump
Metering pump
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API STANDARD
API is the only national trade association that represents all aspects of Americas
oil and natural gas industry. 400 corporate members, from the largest major oil
company to the smallest of independents, come from all segments of the industry.
They are producers, refiners, suppliers, pipeline operators and marine transporters,
as well as service and supply companies that support all segments of the industry.
API 610 Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum Petrochemical and Natural Gas
IndustriesTenth Edition October 2004
Advocacy Research and
Statistic
Standard Certification Education
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API 610 Pump classification type identification
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Pump Type OH1
Foot-mounted single-stage overhung pumps
OH1 does not meet all the requirements of API 610
Pump Type OH2
Centerline-mounted single-stage
overhung pumps, single bearing housing
Pump Type VS4
Vertical suspended,
single-casing volute
line-shaft driven
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Hydraulic Design
The most common type of centrifugal pump is volute style.
- Shape
- Cross sectional area
A volute is a curved funnel increasing in area
to the discharge port. It is often used with
impeller pumps. As the area of the cross-
section increases, the volute reduces the
speed of the liquid and increases the pressure
of the liquid.
Volute Centrifugal Pump
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Hydraulic Design
Diffuser style
- increase efficiency
- prevent excessive buildup of pressure
Pump diffuser bracket
Pump diffuser velocity profile Pump diffuser 3D model
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Hydraulic Design
Classify centrifugal pump by impeller styles
-Fully open; The vanes extend radially from impeller hub with out a back shroud or
front cover plate.
- Semiopen; The vanes project forward from the back shroud, and there is no cover
plate.
- Fully closed; A full back shroud and full front cover plate enclose and support the
vanes.
Fully Open
Semiopen Fully Closed
Efficient
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Impeller Design/The cause of the pump curve
STEADILY RISING
STEEP FLAT
UNSTABLE

UNSTABLE (saddle-shape)
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Impeller Design/The cause of the pump curve
Best Efficiency Point (BEP)
The Best Efficiency Point is the point H(Q)), where the pump operates at the maximum
efficiency.
Characteristic curves of a centrifugal pump
in dependence of the flow Q.

Usually the following curve are shown
Head H(Q)
Power P(Q)
Shaft power P2(Q)
Power input P1(Q)
Efficiency
Hydraulic efficiency
Total efficiency
NPSH(Q)
Speed N(Q)
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Impeller Design/The cause of the pump curve
Characteristic of the impeller affect to the pump curve as the following
1. Impeller width
Changing the widht of the impeller of a centrifugal pump will
usually alter the head-capacity.

2. Number of Vane
Increasing the number of vanes in an impeller produces a flatter H-Q curve.
3. Warp of vane
A higher-head, lower-flow impeller usually require more warp or sweepback.
Centrifugal Pump Function
1.To raise a liquid from one level to another.
2.To force a liquid into a vessel at a higher pressure by overcoming internal pressure.
3.To force a liquid through a pipe by overcoming piping and fitting friction losses.
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Basic Pump Hydraulics
The first law of thermodynamics is the basis of all centrifugal pump.

The internal or mechanical energy of a system appears as kinetic, pressure, and
potential energy; these are interchangeable and their sum must remain constant.
Head is a term that expresses the energy of a fluid due to its elevation above
some reference point, its velocity, and its pressure.
- Static Head
- Dynamic Head

P = gh

= water density, 1000 kg/m3

g
= the standard earth gravity, 9.81 m/s
h = depth of water column, m
C
2
/2g
C = fluid velocity, m/s
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Basic Pump Hydraulics
Static head Velocity or Dynamic head Static head
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Basic Pump Hydraulics
Continuity equation
The mass flow of fluid per unit of time passing any point is constant

Q= AV
Q = fluid mass flow, m3/s
A = pipe cross section area, m2
V = fluid velocity, m/s
Energy conversion
1.Simple one-dimensional formula
2.Computer simulation, CFD Technique
To construct an elementary theory of the pump performance,we assume
one-dimensional flow and combine idealized fluid velocity vectors through
the impeller with the angular momentum theorem for a control volume.
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Basic Pump Hydraulics
Apply angular momentum

T= Q(r
2
v
t 2
r
1
v
t1
)
Power delivered to the fluid is

P
LA
= eT

Y
LA
=
P
LA
Q
Specific work
The useful specific work Y
done by the pump is less
than that done by the
impeller because of the
losses in the intake,
impeller, and diffusor.
These losses are
expressed in terms of
efficiency.
Specific work depend on
Contour of the hydraulic components of the
pump, delivery rate, peripheral velocity
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Basic Pump Hydraulics
Interrelationship between a pump and the pumping plant
Bernoulli Equation

P
s

+ Z
s
g +
c
s
2
g
+ Y =
P
d

+ Z
d
g + c
d
2
Pump suction nozzle Pump
Energy input Energy output
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Basic Pump Hydraulics
Power, losses and efficiency
Total Efficiency

q= q
v
q
n
q
m

q
v

q
n

q
m
= volumetric efficiency
= hydraulic efficiency
= mechanical efficiency
Specific Speed

n
q
= n
Q
H
3
4
The power input required by the pump

P =
Q g H
q
n = speed rpm
P = power, watt
Q = volume flow rate, m3/s
H = head, m
For cold water

q~ 0.82
P = 12 QH
(kW)
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Basic Pump Hydraulics
Total Head of The Pump
Differential Head; The differential head developed by a centrifugal pump is the
measure of the total energy increase imparted to the liquid by the work done within the
pump.
Total Head; the total head is the discharge head plus or minus the suction head
The head is a unit of energy and corresponds to the total head between the suction
and delivery nozzles as define by Bernoulli. It is independent of the characteristics of
the pumped medium, and for a given pump depends only on the flow rate and the
peripheral speed of the impeller.
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THE TOTAL HEAD REQUIRED BY A PUMPING PLANT
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THE TOTAL HEAD REQUIRED BY A PUMPING PLANT
In order to examine total head required by the plant at design flow rate, it is necessary
to consider the energy equation (Bernoulli equation). The flow energy of the pump is
defined in all terms energy per unit mass of pumped fluid.

p
s

+ Z
s
g +
c
s
2
2
+ Y =
p
d

+ Z
d
g +
c
d
2
2
In pump design, it use term of unit weight under gravitational acceleration. It is know
as the head H.

H =
Y
g
Generally the pump draws from a reservoir whouse surface is at a pressure p
e
and
delivers to a second reservoir at a pressure p
a
. The plant head requirement is then
define as

H
A
=
p
a
p
e
g
+ Z
a
Z
e
+
c
a
2
c
e
2
2g
+ H
vs
+ H
vd
H
vs
= total head loss in the intake line
H
vd
= total head loss in the delivery line
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NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD
The total suction head H
H
is the different between total head (static head plus dynamic
head) and the vapour pressure head in the pump intake.

H
H
=
p
ges
p
D
g
If the suction head is referred to the centerline of a horizontal pump then

NPSH =
p
s
abs
p
D
g
+
c
s
2
2g
The NPSH value of the plant defines the total pressure at the pump suction nozzle
for given fluid characteristics at a certain flow rate.

NPSH
avail
=
p
e
abs
p
D
g
+ Z
e
Z
s
+
c
e
2
2g
H
vs
When the pump is operating in the suction mode, Z
e
is negative.
To avoid cavitation
NPSHA > NPSHR
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SUCTION SPECIFIC SPEED
It is used to described geometrically similar impeller suction designs.

S =
n Q
NPSH
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Note
US unit n / rpm, Q / gpm, NPSH / ft
For cold water and general service applications, suction specific speeds of 8,500
and lower are selected.
2. For boiler feed and condensate applications and for general hydrocarbon service,
values of suction specific speed typically range between 9,000 and 12,000.
3. For a double suction pump the flow is divided by 2 since there are 2 impeller
eyes.
4. Multiply the value in SI unit by 0.8607 to receive US customary.
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INSTALLATION
-Temporary Alignment
- Installing Foundation Bolt
- Final Alignment
- Grouting
- Adjustment
Foundation and anchor bolts
- Anchor should be accurately set and firmly secured
- Rechecked anchor bolt against the foundation drawing; length, diameter, thread length
- Anchor bolt should be checked for proper projection
- Put grease on the thread
- Plastic or metal anchor bolt sleeves should be used