IITM-WPW-VKA 1

Signal Detection and Processing Techniques for

Atmospheric Radars
Dr. V.K. Anandan
National MST Radar Facilit
Department of Space
!adan"i # $ndia
IITM-WPW-VKA 2

The essence of frequency analysis is the representation of a signal

as superposition of sinusoidal coponents!

In practical applications" #here only a finite length of data is

a$aila%le" #e cannot o%tain a coplete description of the adopted
signal odel!

Therefore" an appro&iation 'estiate( of the spectru of the

adopted signal odel is coputed!
The quality of the estiate depends on
)o# #ell the assued signal odel represents the data!
What $alues #e assign to the una$aila%le signal saples!
Which spectru estiation ethod #e use!

*learly" a eaningful application of spectru estiation to

practical pro%les requires sufficient apriori inforation"
understanding of the signal generation process" +no#ledge of
theoretical concepts" and e&perience!
IITM-WPW-VKA ,
Signal Detecta%ilit and Pulse &ompression
The efficienc of the radar sstem depends on ho' %est it can identif the echoes in
the presence of noise and un'anted clutter.
The important parameters from the sstem point of (ie' influence the radar
returns are the a(erage po'er of transmission and the antenna aperture si)e.
Signal detecta%ilit is a measure of the radar performance in terms of transmission
parameters.
IITM-WPW-VKA -
Recei(ed signal po'er P
sig
to the uncertaint P
n
in the estimate of the noise po'er
after a(eraging
A
e
effecti$e antenna area P
t
pea+ po#er transitted
pulse length" P./ pulse repetition frequency
P
a$e
0 P
t
P./ a$erage T& po#er 1
rec
recei$er %and-#idth
T
s
effecti$e syste noise tep! 2
c
2o! of saples coherently added
2
inc
nu%er of resulting sus #hich are incoherently a$eraged

c
131
sig
correlation tie of the scattering ediu for the #a$elength used
t total integration tie h range or height
h height resolution!
2 1 1 2
2 1
2 1
2
/
/
/
) )( (
) )( (
sig
a$e s e
c
c
rec s
h
t e
inc
c
rec s
sig
n
sig
1
t
h P T h A
t
P./
1 T
P A
2 2
1 T
P
P
P

IITM-WPW-VKA 4
A$erage po#er is the iportant paraeter for the strong returns and this is function of
pulse length!
5hort pulses are required for good range resolution" and the shorter length of Inter pulse
period 'IPP( generates the pro%le of range a%iguity!
'Therefore a&iu liit on the P./ is restricted due to the a%o$e pro%les(
Pulse copression and frequency stepping are techniques #hich allo# ore of the
transitter a$erage po#er capacity to %e used #ithout sacrificing range resolution!
A pulse of po#er P and duration is in a certain sense con$erted into one of po#er nP
and duration 3n!
In the frequency doain copression in$ol$es anipulating the phases of the different
frequency coponents of the pulse!
In the tie doain a pulse can %e copressed $ia phase coding" especially %inary phase
coding" a technique #hich is particularly aena%le to digital processing techniques!
5ince frequency is 6ust the tie deri$ati$e of phase" either can %e anipulated to
produce copression!
Phase coding has %een used e&tensi$ely in atospheric radars and in coercial 7
ilitary applications!
IITM-WPW-VKA 8
Pulse compression
Barker codes
These #ere first discussed %y
1ar+er '194,( and ha$e %een
used in Ionospheric
incoherent scatter
easureents!
The distinguishing feature of
these codes is that" the range
side-lo%es ha$e a unifor
aplitude of unity!
The copression process
only #or+s" if the correlation
tie of the scattering ediu
is su%stantially longer than
the full-uncopressed length
of the transitted pulse
:1
-1
: : :
- -
:
-
Phase coded #a$efor
!
1inary phase coded signal
1-
A*/
IITM-WPW-VKA ;
&omplementar code pairs
1ar+er codes ha$e range side lo%es
#hich are sall" %ut #hich ay still
cause pro%les in M5T applications!
Ideally a codes #hich supports high
copression ratios 'long codes( to get
the possi%le altitude resolution!
*opleentary phase codes are %inary
in their siplest for and they usually
coe in pairs!
They are coded e&actly as 1ar+er codes"
%y a atched filter #hose ipulse
response is the tie re$erse of the pulse!
The range side lo%es of the resulting
A*/ output for each pulse #ill generally
%e larger for a %ar+er code of
copara%le length!
#hen the t#o pulses are
copleentary pair ha$e the property
that their side lo%es are equal in
agnitude %ut opposite in sign" so that
#hen outputs are added the side lo%es
e&actly cancel" lea$ing only the central
pea+!
: : : - : : - : : : : - - - : -
<=<2
A*/ of pulse 1
18
>
: : : - : : - : - - - : : : : - :
<=1=
A*/ of pulse 1
,2
,2
,2
18
?
5u of A*/s
18
>
->
->
IITM-WPW-VKA >
*',1(
*',?( *'?( *'1(
@
-1 @
-1
Autput
Input
IM5 A1?? Modified trans$ersal filter architecture
Decoding
IITM-WPW-VKA 9
=ecoder
'I7B(
*oherent
Integrator
2oraliCation
Windo#ing
/ourier Analysis
7
Po#er 5pectru
Incoherent
A$eraging
5pectru
*leaning
2oise le$el
<stiation
Moents DVW
Processing steps for e&traction of paraeters
B-*hannel
I-*hannel
Po#er 5pectru
Time Series
@onal" Meridional" Vertical
#ind $elocity
Total Po#er" Mean =oppler" =oppler Width
Signal Processor *n#line+*ff#line Processing
*ff#line Processing
Signal and Data Processing
IITM-WPW-VKA 1?
&oherent $ntegration
The detected quadrature signals are coherentl integrated for man pulse returns
'hich lead to an apprecia%le reduction in the (olume of the data to %e processed
and an impro(ement in the SNR.
The coherent integration is made possi%le %ecause of the o(er sampling of the
Doppler signal resulting from the high PRF relati(e to the Doppler frequenc.
$n other 'ords, the coherence time of the scattering process
c
is much greater than
the sampling inter(al gi(en % the inter pulse period t
p
.
The operation of coherent integration amounts to appling a lo' pass filter, 'hose
time#domain representation is a rectangular 'indo' of T
i
duration.
The signal spectrum is 'eighted % that of the integration filter sin
-
.+.
-
, 'here . /
fT
i
and f is the Doppler shift in 0).
The sampling operation at the integration time inter(al of T
i
leads to frequenc
aliasing 'ith signal po'er at frequencies f t 1m+T
i
2, 'here m is an integer, added
to that at f.
IITM-WPW-VKA 11
$n the case of a flat spectrum, the filtering and aliasing %alance each other and
'hite noise still loo"s 'hite, 'ith no tapering at 'indo' edges.
*n the other hand, a signal pea" 'ith Doppler shift of 3.44+T
i
0), near the edge of
the aliasing 'indo', 'ill %e attenuated % 5 d6 % the filter function, 'hereas a
pea" near the center of the spectrum 'ill %e almost unaffected.
*ne should, therefore, %e conser(ati(e in choosing N
i
for coherent integration so as
to ensure that all signals of interest are in the central portion of the post#integration
spectrum.
The o%7ecti(e is to measure a signal .1n2 of duration of N samples, n / 3,8, . . . . N#8.
The measurement can %e performed repeatedl. A total of M such measurements
are performed and the results are a(eraged % the signal a(eraging. 9et the results
of the m
th
measurements, for m / 8,-, . . . M, are the samples.
'here .1n2 and 1n2 corresponds to signal and noise respecti(el.
1 1 0 + 2 n for n n & n y

,..., , ) ( ) ( ) (
IITM-WPW-VKA 12
$ntegrates 1a(erage2 the results of the M measurements
The result of the a(eraging operation ma %e e.pressed as
Assuing

'n( to %e utually uncorrelatedE that is" <F

'n(
l
'n( G 0

l"
The (ariance of the a(eraged noise
A3= *on$erter
Meory
y

'n(
y

't(
) ( n &
1
) ( n &

) ( ) ( n &
M
n &

After easureents
[ ] ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( n n & n n &
M
n y
M
n &

+ +

1 1
1 1
) ( ) ( n
M
n #here
M

1
1

l
M
o l
$
M
l

M
n $ n $ <
M
n
<
, ,
)] ( ) ( [ ]
) (
[
2
2
1
0
2
2
1 1
2
1 1 0
1
1

2 n for n y
M
n &
M

,....... , ) ( ) (
IITM-WPW-VKA 1,

therefore signal to noise ratio 1SNR2 is impro(ed % a factor of M.

To increase the SNR, the num%er of coherent integration should %e

selected as large as possi%le 'ithin 'hich the recei(ed signals are phase
coherent 'ith each other.
There are t'o cases that ma"e the integration time finite

1! o$eent of scatterers relati$e to each other #ithin the radar sapling

$olue!

2! the ean otion of scatterers relati$e to the radar due to %ac+ground #ind
fields!
The relati(e motion of scatterers is estimated % a correlation time, 'hich is defined
as a half#po'er 'idth of an auto correlation function of the recei(ed signal.

2 2
2
2 2 2
2
1 1 1
$ $ $ $ $
M
M
M M
) (
IITM-WPW-VKA 1-
$t depends on the radar 'a(elength, antenna %eam'idth and altitude.
$n(erse of the coherent integration time corresponds to half of the
ma.imum frequenc range of the Doppler spectra.

Therefore integration time should %e so selected as to unam%iguousl

determine the ma.imum radial 'ind (elocit.
This liits the length of coherent integration!
Normali)ation
The input data is to %e normali)ed % appling a scaling factor corresponding to
the operation done on it.
This 'ill reduce the chance of data o(erflo'ing due to an other succeeding
operation.
IITM-WPW-VKA 14
Normali)ation
The Normali)ation has follo'ing components.
a! sapling resolution of A=*
%! scaling due to pulse copression in decoder
c! scaling due to coherent integration
d! scaling due to nu%er of //T points!
if $ - A=* %it resolution ' 1?318,>-("
# - Pulse #idth in icrosecond"
M -2u%er of IPP integrated 0 Integrated tie 3inter pulse period"
2 - 2u%er of //T points"
then the 2oraliCation factor
The comple. time series : $
i
, ;
i
'here i / 3, . . ,N#8< at the output of the signal
processor is scaled as
2 M #
$
s

i i
i i
B s B
I s I


~
~
IITM-WPW-VKA 18
=indo'ing
$t is 'ell "no'n that the application of FFT to a finite length data gi(es rise to
lea"age and pic"et fence effects.
-f
:f
Ap
f1
*osine #a$e ipulse
/'(
W'(
/T of .ectangular Windo#
-f
:f
/'( H W'(
f1
9ea"age
Pic"et fence effect
?!8
Independent /ilters
8 4 -
, 2 1 ?
;
freq
Ap
1
?!-
8 4 - , 2 1 ? ;
Po#er response
Po#er
/requency
1
IITM-WPW-VKA 1;
Weighting the data #ith suita%le #indo#s can reduce these effects!
)o#e$er the use of the data #indo#s other than the rectangular #indo# affects the %ias"
$ariance and frequency resolution of the spectral estiates!
In general $ariance of the estiate increases #ith the uses of a #indo#! An estiate is
said to %e consistent if the %ias and the $ariance %oth tend to Cero as the nu%er of
o%ser$ations is increased!
Thus" the pro%le associated #ith the spectral estiation of a finite length data %y the
//T techniques is the pro%le of esta%lishing efficient data #indo#s or data soothing
schees!
Characteristics of a window
It is desired that a #indo#" f't(" has the follo#ing properties!
1! f't( is real and non-negati$e!
2! f't( is an e$en function" i!e!" f't( 0 f'-t(!
,! f't( should attain its a&iu at t0?" i!e!" I f't( I J f'?( for all t!
-! Main lo%e #idth should %e as sall as possi%le!
4! The Ma&iu sidelo%e le$el should %e as sall as possi%le relati$e to the ain lo%e
pea+!
8! The ainlo%e should contain a large part of the total energy!
;! If the m
th
deri$ati$e of f't( is ipulsi$e" then the pea+ of the side-lo%es of I /'( I
decays asyptotically as 8m d13octa$e!
IITM-WPW-VKA 1>
Rectangular 1 6o. &ar 2 'indo'
Windo# is defined %y
and its /ourier transfor
6artlet =indo'
Windo# is defined %y
and its /ourier transfor
0anning =indo'
Windo# is defined %y
and its /ourier transfor
<lse#here
t t f
0
1

) (

) sin(
) (
2
/
<lse#here
t
t
t f
0
1

) (

2
2
4 ) (
sin
) ( /
<lse#here
t
t
t f
0
5 0 5 0

+ cos . . ) (
1
]
1

+
+
+
+

) sin( ) sin(
.
) sin(
) ( 5 0 /
IITM-WPW-VKA 19
0amming =indo'
Windo# is defined %y
and its /ourier transfor
&*S
5
=indo'
#indo# is defined %y
and its /ourier transfor

<lse#here
t t t f
0
46 0 54 0

+ ), cos( . . ) (
1
]
1

+
+
+
+

) sin( ) sin(
.
) sin(
. ) ( 46 0 08 1 /
<lse#here
t t t t f
0
2 3 25 0 2 75 0

+ ), ( cos . ) ( cos . ) (
1
]
1

+
+
+
+
1
]
1

+
+
+

) (
) ( sin
) (
) ( sin
.
) (
) ( sin
) (
) ( sin
. ) (
3
3
3
3
25 0
2
2
2
2
75 0 /
IITM-WPW-VKA 2?
6lac"man

=indo'
Windo# is defined %y
and its /ourier transfor is
&omputation of 'indo' parameters
The iportant #indo# paraeters #hich are useful in selecting an appropriate #indo#
for a particular application" #hich are

1! Variance copensation factor
2! =ispersion factor
<lse#here
t t t t f
0
2 25 0 5 0 42 0

+ + ) ( cos . ) ( cos . . ) (
1
]
1

+
+
+
+
1
]
1

+
+
+
+

) (
) ( sin
) (
) ( sin
.
) (
) ( sin
) (
) ( sin
.
) sin( .
) (
2
2
2
2
08 0
5 0
84 0
/
dt t f B

) (
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
]
1

dt t f
dt t f
) (
) (
IITM-WPW-VKA 21
,! Total energy
-! Ma6or lo%e energy contents 'MK<(!
4! )alf po#er %and#idth ')P1W(
8! W 0 a6or lo%e#idth3 a6or lo%e #idth of rectangular #indo#!
;! 1W 0 )alf po#er %and#idth3 )alf po#er %and#idth of rectangular #indo#!
>! coherent gain
9! .ate of fall of sidelo%e le$els './5K(!
1?! Pea+ sidelo%e le$el 'P5KK(!
11! =egradation loss K" is the reciprocal of the dispersion in d1!

dt t f < ) (
2
dt t f L

) (
2
2
1
=ata #indo# B < MK< 5KK W 1W L K ./5K
'd1( 'd13Act( ' M (

.ectangular 1!? 1!? 2!? 9?!2>2 -1,!28 1!? 1!? 1!? ?!? -8
)anning 1!4? ?!,;4 ?!;4 99!9->4 -,1!-> 2!? 1!8, ?!4 -1!;8 -8
)aing 1!,8, ?!,9; ?!;94 99!98,2 --2!82 2!? 1!-> ?!4- -1!,- -8
cosine
,
1!;,4 ?!,1, ?!824 99!9924 -,9!,? 2!4? 1!>1 ?!-2 -2!,9 -2-
1artlet 1!,,, ?!,,, ?!888; 99!;?4; -28!4, 2!? 1!-? ?!4 -1!24 -12
1lac+an 1!;2; ?!,?4 ?!8?9 99!99>9 -4>!12 ,!? 1!>8 ?!-2 -2!,; -1>
IITM-WPW-VKA 22
A 'indo' that ields
small (alues of (ariance compensation factor, dispersion factor, total
energ, pea" sidelo%e le(el, = and 6=, and a large (alue of ma7or lo%e
energ content is desira%le in spectral estimation (ia FFT.

0o'e(er a decrease in pea" sidelo%e le(el is associated 'ith an increase in
ma7or lo%e'idth and, hence, a corresponding increase in the loss of
frequenc resolution.
The energ of 'indo' is an important parameter since the (ariance of the
smoothed spectral estimate is proportional to >.
6ut the (ariance of the estimate is a measure of its relia%ilit? smaller the
(alue, higher is the relia%ilit of the estimate.
Thus, the selection of data 'indo' for spectral estimation is a 7udicious
compromise among the (arious parameters descri%ed a%o(e.
IITM-WPW-VKA 2,

Weighting the data #ith suita%le #indo#s can reduce lea+age!

Tapering is another nae for the data #indo#ing operation in the tie
doain!

5ingle taper soothed spectru estiates are plagued %y a trade-off

%et#een the $ariance of the estiate and the %ias caused %y spectral
lea+age!

Applying a taper to reduce %ias discards data" increasing the $ariance of

the estiate!

Dsing a taper also une$enly saples the record! 5ingle taper estiators"
#hich are less affected %y lea+age" not only ha$e increased $ariance %ut
also can isrepresent the spectra of non-stationary data!

5o as long as only a single data taper is used" there #ill %e a trade-off

%et#een the resistance to spectral lea+age and the $ariance of a spectral
estiate!
IITM-WPW-VKA 2-

5ingle taper spectral estiates ha$e relati$ely large $ariance

'increasing as a large fraction of data is discarded and the %ias of the
estiate is reduced( and are inconsistent estiates 'i!e!" the $ariance of
the estiate does not drop as one increases the nu%er of data(!

To counteract this" it is con$entional to sooth the single taper spectral

estiate %y applying a o$ing a$erage to the estiate!

This reduces the $ariance of the estiate %ut results in a short - range
loss of frequency resolution and therefore an increase in the %ias of the
estiate!

An estiate is to %e consistent if the %ias and the $ariance %oth tend to

Cero as the nu%er of o%ser$ations is increased!

Thus, the problem associated with the spectral estimation of a finite

length data by the FFT techniques is the problem of establishing
efficient data windows or data smoothing schemes.
IITM-WPW-VKA 24

Multitaper spectral analysis technique find #ider applications in the

signal analysis

/irst" the data are ultiplied %y not one" %ut se$eral lea+age - resistant
tapers! This yields se$eral tapered tie series fro one record!

Ta+ing the =/Ts of each of these tie series" se$eral Neigen spectraO
are produced #hich are a$eraged to for a single spectral estiate!

There are a nu%er of Multitapers that ha$e %een proposed!

5oe of the are 5lepian tapers" =iscrete Prolate 5pheroidal

sequences" 5inusoidal Tapers" etc"

The central preise of this ultitaper approach is that if the data

tapers are properly designed orthogonal functions" then" under ild
conditions" the spectral estiates #ould %e independent of each other
at e$ery frequency!
IITM-WPW-VKA 28

A$eraging #ould reduce the $ariance #hile proper design of full -

length #indo#s #ould reduce %ias and loss of resolution!

The pictorial description of the ultitaper approach to po#er

spectru estiation is as sho#n in /igure!
1 2
Periodogra
1 2
Taper 1
1 2
Taper 2
1 2
Taper M
1 2
Periodogra
1 2
Periodogra
A
V
<
.
A
L
<
.
1 2
=ata .ecord
/inal
<stiate
IITM-WPW-VKA 2;

The ultiple tapers are constructed so that each taper saples the tie
series in a different anner #hile optiiCing resistance to spectral
lea+age!

The statistical inforation discarded %y the first taper is partially

reco$ered %y the second taper" the inforation discarded %y the first
t#o tapers is partially retrie$ed %y the third taper" and so on!

Anly a fe# lo#er-order tapers are eployed" as the higher - order

tapers allo# an unaccepta%le le$el of spectral lea+age!

Ane can use these tapers to produce an estiate that is not hapered
%y the trade - off %et#een lea+age and $ariance that plagues single-
taper estiates!
IITM-WPW-VKA 2>
Sinusoidal Multitaper

The continuous tie iniu %ias tapers are gi$en as

and its /ourier Transfor as

The discrete analogs of the continuous tie iniu %ias tapers are
called sinusoidal tapers! The n
th
sinusoidal taper is gi$en %y
1"2"!!!( '+ ( sin' 2 ( ' kt t v
k

,
_

+ +

1
sin
1
2
( '
N
kn
N
n v
k

E n 0 1"2"P"2 E +01"2"P"K
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
+

,
_

k
k
k
k
j V
k
sin sin
2 ( '
IITM-WPW-VKA 29
Where the aplitude ter on the right is noraliCation factor that ensures
orthonorality of the tapers!
These sine tapers ha$e uch narro#er ain-lo%e and uch higher side-
lo%es!
Thus they achie$e a saller %ias due to soothing %y the ain lo%e" %ut
at the e&pense of side-lo%e suppression!
*learly this perforance is accepta%le if the spectru is $arying slo#ly!
The +
th
sinusoidal taper has its spectral energy concentrated in the
frequency %ands!
1
( 1 '
1
( 1 !'
+
+

+

N
k
N
k

+01"2"!!!" K

IITM-WPW-VKA ,?

Sinusoidal Multitaper
IITM-WPW-VKA ,1
IITM-WPW-VKA ,2
IITM-WPW-VKA ,,
IITM-WPW-VKA ,-
IITM-WPW-VKA ,4
IITM-WPW-VKA ,8
Fourier analsis
Spectral analsis is connected 'ith characteri)ing the frequenc content of a signal.
A large num%er of spectral analsis techniques are a(aila%le in the literature. This
can %e %roadl classified in to non#parametric or Fourier analsis %ased method
and parametric or model %ased methods!
Fourier proposed that an finite duration signal, e(en a signal 'ith discontinuities,
can %e e.pressed as an infinite summation of harmonicall related sinusoidal
component
FFT applied to comple. time series :1$
i,
;
i
2, i / 3,8, . . . ,N#8< to o%tain comple.
frequenc domain spectrum : 1@
i,
A
i
2, i / 3, . . . . , N#8<

Po'er Spectrum
Po'er spectrum is calculated from the comple. spectrum as
)) ( sin ) ( cos ( ) ( t + 1 t + A t &
+
+
+ 0
0
0 +

1 0 2
1
1
0
+ +

2 i 2 i+ 6B I
2
Q R
2
+
+ + i i , ) / ( exp ) (
1 1 0
2 2
+ 2 i Q R P
i i i
,......., , ,
IITM-WPW-VKA ,;
IITM-WPW-VKA ,>
IITM-WPW-VKA ,9
$ncoherent $ntegration 1 Spectral a(eraging2
Incoherent integration is the a$eraging the po#er spectru nu%er of ties!
#here is the nu%er of spectra integrated!
The ad$antage of incoherent integration is that it ipro$es the detecta%ility of =oppler
spectru! The detecta%ility is defined as
#here P
5
is pea+ spectral density of the signal spectru" and
5:2
is the standard
de$iation of spectral densities!
When fluctuations of the signal spectral density is uch saller than that for noise" then

The noise spectral densit has a
-
distri%ution, %ecause the noise spectral densit is
a summation of square of real and imaginar components of amplitude spectrum
'hich are assumed to ha(e !aussian distri%ution.
1 0
1
1

2 i

+
P
i+

P
i
,
2 5
5
P
=
+

2
P
s
=

IITM-WPW-VKA -?
The ean $alue and standard de$iation of the
2
distri%ution %ecoes
/or a single spectru
2
is equal to P
2
!
When =oppler spectra are a$eraged ties" the ean $alues of spectral densities of
%oth the signal and noise are not changed!
6ut
N
+ P
N
%ecomes 8+1m2.
as ties integration of the noise produces a
2
distri%ution and as a result = is
increased %y '(!
and
IITM-WPW-VKA -1
IITM-WPW-VKA -2
Po'er spectrum cleaning
Due to (arious reasons the radar echoes ma get corrupted % ground clutter,
sstem %ias, interference, image formation etc..
The data is to %e cleaned fro these pro%les %efore going for analysis!
232 corresponds to Cero frequency!
Spi"es 1glitches2 in the time series 'ill generate a constant amplitude %and all o(er
the frequenc %and'idth.
&onstant frequenc %ands 'ill form in the po'er spectrum % the interference
generated in the sstem or due to e.traneous signal.
2
1
2
1
2
2

+
+

2
2
2
p
p
p
f
a&
-f
a&
?
IITM-WPW-VKA -,
Noise le(el estimation
There are any ethods adapted to find out the noise le$el estiation!
6asicall all methods are statistical appro.imation to the near (alues.
The ethod ipleented here is %ased on the $ariance decided %y a threshold criterion"
)ilde%rand and 5e+hon '19;-(!
This method ma"es use of the o%ser(ed Doppler spectrum and of the phsical
properties of 'hite noise? it does not in(ol(e "no'ledge of the noise le(el of the
radar instrument sstem and is no' 'idel used in atmospheric radar noise
threshold estimation and remo(al.
a$eraaged spectra of nu%er o$er
5 ean
5 Variance
1
2

) (
) (
IITM-WPW-VKA --
IITM-WPW-VKA -4
IITM-WPW-VKA -8
The noise le$el threshold shall %e estiated to the a&iu le$el K" such that the set of
5pectral points %elo# the le$el 5" nearly satisfies the criterion"
Step 8B
.eorder the spectru S P
i"
i 0 ?" ! ! ! 2-1T in ascending order to for! Ket this sequence
%e #ritten asS A
i
" i 0 ?" ! ! ! 2-1T and A
i
J A
6
for i J 6
Step -B copute
Where M is the nu%er of spectra that #ere a$eraged for o%taining the data!
Step 5B

n
i
i n
A
i
P
n
0
) (
n
i
P
n
i
n
A
B
n
2
2
0
1

2 n for
M
B
P
. B
n
if and
n
n
n
, , ,
)
,
(
1 0
2

>
1
1
>

.
+ #here
P
K le$el 2oise
n
that such n
criterion a%o$e the eets n no if
+
.
min ) (
IITM-WPW-VKA -;
Moments >stimation
The e&traction of Ceroth" first and second oents is the +ey reason for on doing all the
signal processing and there %y finding out the $arious atospheric and tur%ulence
paraeters in the region of radar sounding! The %asic steps in$ol$ed in the estiation of
oents" Woodan '19>4( are gi$en %elo#!
Step 8.
.eorder the spectru to its correct inde& of frequency 'ie! -f
a&iu
to :f
a&iu
( in the
follo#ing anner!
5pectral inde& ? 1 232 2-1
a%iguous freq! -f
a&iu
@ero freq! :f
a&iu
Step -B
5u%tract noise le$el K fro spectru
Step 5B
i( /ind the inde& l of the pea+ $alue in the spectru"


ii( /ind " the lo#er =oppler point of inde& fro the pea+ point!
iii( /ind n the upper =oppler point of inde& fro the pea+ point
1 0 1 2 i all for P P ie i ,
~ ~
l i all for p ie i 0
~
n i l all for p ie i 0
~
IITM-WPW-VKA ->
Step 4B
The oents are coputed as
represents Ceroth oent or Total Po#er in the =oppler spectru!
represents the first oent or ean =oppler in )C
represents the second oent or $ariance" a easure of dispersion fro central
frequency!

n
i
i P M i
~
) 0
) (
) (
~
)
2 n IPP
i
f #here f P
M
M ii
2
i
n
i
i i

2
0
1
1
) (
~
)
1
2
0
2
1
M f
P
M
M iii
i
n
i
i

d1
K 2
M
52. .atio 2oise to 5ignal $
1
]
1

) (
log ) ( )
0
10
)C M ( full ' #idth =oppler ( i$ 2 2

f
d
P
P
IITM-WPW-VKA -9
Sample Doppler spectra for a fe' range gates sho'ing C candidate#pea"s per range gate that form
the %asis for the adapti(e technique of signal detection.
IITM-WPW-VKA 4?
1a2 0eight profiles of Doppler po'er spectra o%ser(ed on 83 Dul -33- using the 83
o
east radar
%eam 'hen the SNR is lo'. 1%2 Mean Doppler Velocit#0eight profile e.tracted from the spectra
sho'n in 1a2 using the con(entional pea" detection method 1dotted line2 and the adapti(e
moments e.traction technique 1solid line2.
IITM-WPW-VKA 41
Eight-profle average mean Doppler velocity-Height profles and
corresponding standard deviations observed on July 10, 2002 when the
!" is low #or $a% 10 deg east radar beam using adaptive moments
estimation techni&ue and $b% 10 deg east radar beam using conventional
pea' detection method(
IITM-WPW-VKA 42
$a% Height profles o# Doppler power spectra observed 10 )ay 2002 using
the 10o east radar beam when the !" is high( $b% )ean Doppler-Height
profle e*tracted #rom the spectra shown in $a% using the conventional
pea' detection method $dotted line% and the adaptive moments
e*traction techni&ue $solid line%(
IITM-WPW-VKA 4,
Eight-profle average mean Doppler velocity-Height profles and
corresponding standard deviations observed on 10 )ay 2002 #or the $a%
10o east radar beam using adaptive moments e*traction techni&ue and
$c% 10o east radar beam using conventional pea' detection method(
IITM-WPW-VKA 4-
Anandan et al., JAOT, 2004 (n !"ess)
IITM-WPW-VKA 44
UV Computation

The prime o%7ecti(e of atmospheric radar is to o%tain the (ector 'ind

(elocit.

Velocit measured % a radar 'ith the Doppler technique is a line of sight

(elocit, 'hich is the pro7ection of (elocit (ector in the radial direction.

There are t'o different techniques of determining the three components

of the (elocit (ectorB the Doppler 6eam S'inging 1D6S2 method and
Spaced Antenna 1SA2 method.
The D6S method uses a minimum of three radar %eam orientations
1Vertical, >ast#=est, and North#South2 to deri(e the three components of
the 'ind (ector 1Vertical, Eonal and Meriodional2
IITM-WPW-VKA 48
IITM-WPW-VKA 4;
Calculation of radial !elocity and heightB
For representing the o%ser(ation results in phsical parameters, the Doppler
frequenc and range %in ha(e to %e e.pressed in terms of corresponding radial
(elocit and (ertical height.
>

T
u
'

,
_

T
T rad
hor
T T rad
rad
w v
v
w v
v

sin
cos
cos sin $
sin
$
hor
hor
meters
t c
R

sin
cos
) )eight"

sec 3
2 2
V Velocity" m
f
or
f
f c
D
c
D

IITM-WPW-VKA 4>
*hange in phase of the #a$e as a easure of $elocity
2
2
-
2
-
(
2
' 2
( 2 ' 2 ( '
( 2 '
2
2 2 2
d
d
d
d
f
v or
v
f
v f
v
dt
dr
dt
d
r
t
r
way two g considerin
r
t
c
ft t

IITM-WPW-VKA 49

Computation of absolute ind !elocity !ectors "UV#$

After computing the radial (elocit for different %eam positions, the a%solute
(elocit 1FV=2 can %e calculated.
To compute the FV=, at least three non#coplanar %eam radial (elocit data is
required. $f higher num%er of different %eam data are a(aila%le, then the
computation 'ill gi(e an optimum result in the least square method.
9ine of sight component of the 'ind (ector V 1V
.
, V
A
, V
)
2 is
V
=
0 V . i 0 V
&
cos
&
: V
y
cos
y
: V
C
cos
C
#here R" Q" and @ directions are aligned to <ast-West" 2orth-5outh and @enith
respecti$ely!
IITM-WPW-VKA 8?
Appling least square method, residual

2
0 'V
&
cos
&
: V
y
cos
y
: V
C
cos
C
- V
= i
(
2
#here V
= i
0 f
= i
H 32 and i represents the %ea nu%er
To satisf the minimum residual

2
3V
+
0 ?
+ corresponding to R"Q" and @ leads to
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
]
1

@i =i
Qi =i
Ri =i
i
@i
i
@i Qi
i
Ci Ri
i
@i Qi
i
Qi
i
Qi Ri
i
@i Ri
i
Qi Ri
i
Ri
C
y
&
V
V
V
V
V
V
cos
cos
cos
cos
cos cos cos cos
cos cos
cos
cos cos
cos cos cos cos
cos
1
2
2
2
IITM-WPW-VKA 81
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20
5
10
15
20
H
e
i
g
h
t
(
k
m
)
Zonal (m/s)
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

Meridional (m/s)
-04 -02 00 02 04
!erti"al (m/s)
IITM-WPW-VKA 82
3 G 8H -4 5- 43
3
-
4
H
G
83
8-
84
8H
8G
-3
LP5
M5T
0
e
i
g
h
t


1

"
m

2
=ind Speed 1 m+s 2
3 I3 8G3 -J3 5H3
LP5
M5T
=ind Direction
IITM-WPW-VKA 8,
*ases of special interest
IITM-WPW-VKA 8-
*ases of special interest
IITM-WPW-VKA 84
*ases of special interest
IITM-WPW-VKA 88
*ases of special interest
IITM-WPW-VKA 8;
*ases of special interest
IITM-WPW-VKA 8>
T0ANK A*F