May 16, 2005

Department of Computer Sciences &

Engineering, Shiraz University
Embedded Systems
Microcontrollers & Embedded Processors

An Overview

By: Ramtin Raji Kermani
Junior student of Computer Hardware Eng.
Spring 2005
In the name of God
Scientific Group of CSE Presents :
Department of Computer Sciences &
Engineering, Shiraz University
May 16, 2005
Embedded Systems
What is an Embedded System?
Where are Embedded Systems used?
Typical Embedded Systems Hardware
Embedded OS and Software
Microcontrollers
The 8051 Microcontroller
A simple project using AT89C51
References
Department of Computer Sciences &
Engineering, Shiraz University
May 16, 2005
What is and Embedded System?
A specialized computer system that is part of a
larger system or machine. Typically, an
embedded system is housed on a single
microprocessor board with the programs stored
in ROM. Virtually all appliances that have a
digital interface -- watches, microwaves, VCRs,
cars -- utilize embedded systems. Some
embedded systems include an operating
system, but many are so specialized that the
entire logic can be implemented as a single
program. (Definition from wikipedia.com)
Department of Computer Sciences &
Engineering, Shiraz University
May 16, 2005
What is and Embedded System?
Department of Computer Sciences &
Engineering, Shiraz University
May 16, 2005
ES, Other definitions
A special purpose computer built into a larger device.
Special purpose:
- Embedded systems have a (more or less) well-defined purpose
- Contrast with: general purpose computers (PCs etc)
- Both hardware and software is tailored to application(s), which are
well defined
- However, re-programmability is a requirement
Built into a larger device:
ESs are (usually) part of a larger device, augmenting its capabilities
Department of Computer Sciences &
Engineering, Shiraz University
May 16, 2005
ES, Other definitions
Any device that includes a programmable computer but is not itself a
general-purpose computer.

Anything that uses a computer but does not look like one.

The microprocessor in an embedded system is like an electric motor
in a washing machine.


Department of Computer Sciences &
Engineering, Shiraz University
May 16, 2005
ES Types & Characteristics
Types of Processing unit:
Hardwired logic
Programmable units

ES Characteristics:
Efficiently
Cost effective
Power efficiently
Real-time
Predictability

Department of Computer Sciences &
Engineering, Shiraz University
May 16, 2005
ES: History and Solutions
A very little history: ;)
The first Embedded System: Apollo Guidance Computer.

Embedded Systems Solutions:
Microcontrollers
Embedded Processors
Digital Signal processors




Department of Computer Sciences &
Engineering, Shiraz University
May 16, 2005
Where are Embedded Systems used?
Department of Computer Sciences &
Engineering, Shiraz University
May 16, 2005
Where are Embedded Systems used?
Signal processing systems
Real-time video, DVD players, Medical equipment.
Distributed control
Network routers, switches, firewalls, mass transit systems, Elevators
Small systems
Mobile phones, pagers, home appliances, toys, smartcards, MP3
players, PDAs, digital cameras, sensors, pc keyboard & mouse
Modern cars: Up to 100 or more processors
Engine control unit
ABS systems (Anti Lock Brake systems)
Emissions control
Diagnostics and Security systems
Accessories (doors, windows etc)
Department of Computer Sciences &
Engineering, Shiraz University
May 16, 2005
Typical Embedded Systems Hardware
Commercial off-the-shelf components (COTS)
e.g. wireless radios, sensors, I/O devices
Cheap
Application-Specific ICs (ASICs)
ICs tailored to meet application needs
Good performance for their intended task(s)
Original ESs were ASICs only
Domain-specific processors
DSPs
Microcontrollers
Microprocessors
General Purpose Processors
Department of Computer Sciences &
Engineering, Shiraz University
May 16, 2005
New trends in ES HW
Systems-on-chip
Usual (or desired) specs:
32-bit RISC CPU
Built-in interfaces to RAM and ROM
Built-in DMA, interrupt and timing controllers
Built-in interfaces to disk or flash memory
Built-in Ethernet/802.11 interfaces
Built-in LCD/CRT interfaces
New SOCs appearing almost every week!
Examples
Intel StrongARM SA-1110
Motorola PowerPC MPC823e
NEC VR4181
Many, many more
Department of Computer Sciences &
Engineering, Shiraz University
May 16, 2005
Embedded OS and Software
Principal role: Not transformation of data but
interaction with physical world

Acquires properties of physical world
Takes time
Consumes power
Does not terminate (unless it fails)
Department of Computer Sciences &
Engineering, Shiraz University
May 16, 2005
Embedded Operating Systems:
Office-style OSes
PalmOS
WindowsCE
RTOSes
VxWorks
QNX
Linux
Linux is already ubiquitous
Hundreds of different devices are using it
http://www.linuxdevices.com/articles/AT4936596231.html
Numerous commercial + open source products
Mobile OS
Symbian
Others
TinyOS
Department of Computer Sciences &
Engineering, Shiraz University
May 16, 2005
What is a Microcontroller?
A microcontroller is an entire computer
manufactured on a single chip.

They have a high concentration of on-chip
facilities such as serial ports, parallel
input/output ports, timers, counters, interrupt
control, analog-to-digital converters, random
access memory, read only memory, etc.


Department of Computer Sciences &
Engineering, Shiraz University
May 16, 2005
The 8051 Microcontroller:
The 8051 is the first microcontroller of the MCS-51 family introduced by Intel
Corporation at the end of the 1970s.

The 8051 family characteristics:
4K Bytes ROM
128 Bytes RAM
two timer/counters (16 bit)
A serial port
4 general purpose parallel input/output port
Interrupt controller

The 8051 can address 64K of external data memory and 64K of External
program memory.
Department of Computer Sciences &
Engineering, Shiraz University
May 16, 2005
Microcontroller 8051 internal Architecture
Department of Computer Sciences &
Engineering, Shiraz University
May 16, 2005
8051 pin description


8051 other family members:
8751 (has EPROM)
8951 (has EEPROM)
Department of Computer Sciences &
Engineering, Shiraz University
May 16, 2005
A simple project using AT89C51
Here weve designed, built and programmed a digital
BCD counter that counts from 0 to 9 on a 7Segment
display.

We use register A as Accumulator, in each delayed cycle
the accumulator increments by one and result is showed
on the 7segment display.
Department of Computer Sciences &
Engineering, Shiraz University
May 16, 2005
A simple project using AT89C51
Department of Computer Sciences &
Engineering, Shiraz University
May 16, 2005
References
Web References:
www.google.com
http://www.embedded.com
http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system
http://www.linuxdevices.com
Mani Srivastavas EE202A class
http://nesl.ee.ucla.edu/courses/ee202a/2002f
Edward Lee, Embedded Software
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/497408.html

Books:
The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems: Mazidi, M.A.
Microprocessors: Uffenbeck, john.

Department of Computer Sciences &
Engineering, Shiraz University
May 16, 2005
At the End

Thanks for your Attention ;)

Ramtin Raji Kermani
Spring 2005