JAVA Programming

Kuldeep Kumar Yogi

Banasthali University
Contents
Introduction to networks
TCP/IP Sockets
A simple client program
A simple server program
A server with multiple clients
Example a simple email program
URL connections
Advanced networking technologies in Java
Introduction to Networks
Network programming is surprisingly easy in Java
Most of the classes relevant to network
programming are in the java.net package
Sending data out onto a network involves attaching a
stream to a network connection (socket)
The main issues to consider are client/server
architectures and attaching multiple clients to a server
First we will look an introduction to networking and
the TCP/IP protocol


Internet Protocol (IP)
Data is transmitted between computers in packets
Each packet is marked with a destination
address







130.65.83.25 30 data
Internet
Client
Server
Server Ports
14
30
80
Network packet
Each 4 byte address is the IP address
Normally we refer to computers with
domain names
www.bham.ac.uk
java.sun.com
The translation from domain name to
IP address is carried out using DNS
(Domain Name Service)
IP has no provision for re-transmission in
case of failure to deliver packets
This is the job of the Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP)
Most internet programs (eg the WWW,
email etc) are based on TCP/IP



TCP/IP Sockets
A TCP/IP socket enables a java program
running on a client machine to open a
connection with a web server
There is a socket on both the client and server
sides
Client server communication is carried out
through input and output streams
Client
socket
Server
socket
Client output
stream
Server input
stream
Client input
stream
Server output
stream
A simple client program
Java has a Socket object which is an abstraction
for a TCP/IP network endpoint to a client
computer






Connects to a server specified by the hostname
java.sun.com and creates I/O streams
int HTTP_PORT=80;
Socket s= new Socket(java.sun.com,HTTP_PORT);
InputStream instream=s.getInputStream();
OutputStream outstream=s.getOutputStream();
We can also directly specify the IP address instead of a
string
Java has a InetAddress class to specify IP addresses
Factory Methods
Static InetAddress getLocalHost() throws UnknownHostException
Static InetAddress getByName(String hostname) throws
UnknownHostException
Static InetAddress getAllByName(String hostName) throws
UnknownHostException
Static InetAddress getByAddress(IP) throws UnknownHostException
Instance Methods
Boolean equals(Object o)
Byte[] getAddress()
String getHostAddress()
String getHostName()
String toString()


int HTTP_PORT=80;
InetAddress address=InetAddress(java.sun.com);
Socket s= new Socket(address,HTTP_PORT);
Note that Java also provides a mechanism
for the user datagram protocol (UDP) which
is a simpler transport protocol that TCP
The Datagram socket is the abstraction to a
UDP socket
The difference between TCP and UDP is like
the difference between a telephone
conversation (albeit sent in packets) and
sending a letter







import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class Client{
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
String serverResponse;
Socket connectionSocket = new Socket("localhost",3500);
PrintWriter printWriter = new PrintWriter(connectionSocket.getOutputStream(), true);
BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(connectionSocket.getInputStream()));
System.out.println("Connected to Server.");
BufferedReader ClientInputReader = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
String ClientInput;
while ((ClientInput = ClientInputReader.readLine()) != null)
{
printWriter.println(ClientInput);
if ((serverResponse = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null)
{
System.out.println(serverResponse);
}
}
printWriter.close();
bufferedReader.close();
ClientInputReader.close();
connectionSocket.close(); }}
A simple server program
A server is a program which waits for a client
to connect to it at a specified port
Normally a server would specify some
application level protocol (such as HTTP)
enabling clients to interact with the server

A ServerSocket object is created to establish a server connection
The accept() method then waits for a client to connect
accept() waits indefinitely and returns a Socket object that
represents the connection to the client
int portNumber=8250;
ServerSocket s=new ServerSocket(portNumber);
Socket clientSoc=s.accept();
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class Server{
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
String userInput;
ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(3500);
System.out.println("Server started. Awaiting connection requests...");
Socket connectionSocket = serverSocket.accept();
System.out.println("Server accepted connection from client.");
PrintWriter printWriter = new
PrintWriter(connectionSocket.getOutputStream(), true);
BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(connectionSocket.getInputStream()));
while ((userInput = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null)
{
System.out.println("Received from client: "+userInput);
printWriter.println("Server responding with: "+userInput); //you
can use your message to respond from server
}
System.out.println("Server stopped.");
printWriter.close();
bufferedReader.close();
connectionSocket.close();
serverSocket.close();}}
URL connections
We have seen that to send or retrieve information to
a web server, we use the HTTP protocol through a
client socket attached to port 80
We can do this by using normal socket-based
programming and sending the correct HTTP
commands
However, Java has specific support for the HTTP
protocol through its URLConnection class
Its very easy to retrieve a file from a web server
by simply providing the files url as a string
This sets up an input stream from a url connection
Can turn this into a Scanner object for text
processing
The URLConnection class also has additional
functionality related to the HTTP protocol
Querying the server for header information
Setting request properties

URL u=new URL(http://www.bham.ac.uk);
URLConnection c=u.openConnection();
InputStream in=c.getInputStream();
The following simple example program
opens a web page and displays the HTML
It also checks the server response code
404 if the page is not found
200 if the connection succeeded
Uses a Scanner object to output the lines of
HTML
public class URLGet
{
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
{

String urlName;
if (args.length > 0)
urlName = args[0];
else
urlName = "http://java.sun.com";

URL url = new URL(urlName);
URLConnection c = url.openConnection();

// Check response code
HttpURLConnection httpConnection = (HttpURLConnection) c;
int code =httpConnection.getResponseCode();
String message=httpConnection.getResponseMessage();
System.out.println(code + " " + message);
if (code!=HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK)
return;

// Read server response
InputStream instream=httpConnection.getInputStream();
Scanner in=new Scanner(instream);
while (in.hasNextLine())
{
String input=in.nextLine();
System.out.println(input);
}
}
}
User Datagram Protocal(UDP)
TCP includes many complicated algorithms for dealing with
congestion control on crowded networks.
Datagram provide an alternative.
Datagrams are bundles of information passed between
machines.
They are somewhat like a hard throw from a well trained but
blindfolded catcher to the third baseman.
Java implements datagrams on top of the UDP by using two
classes:
DatagramSocket
DatagramPacket
DatagramPacket Class
The object of this class hold the data which
send on network.
Constructor:-
DatagramPacket(byte data[],int size) Receiving End
DatagramPacket(byte data[],int offset,int size)
DatagramPacket(byte data[],int size,InetAddress ipAddress, int port)
DatagramPacket(byte data[],int offset,int size,InetAddress ipAddress,
int port) Sending End


class UDPConnection{
public static int serverPort = 998; Server Application
public static int clientPort = 999;
public static int buffer_size = 1024;
public static DatagramSocket ds;
public static byte buffer[]=new byte[buffer_size];
public static void TheServer() throws Exception{
int pos=0;
System.out.println("Press Ctrl+C for exit");
while(true) {
int c=System.in.read();
switch(c) {
case -1:
System.out.println("Server Quits.");
return;
case '\r':
break;
case '\n':
ds.send(new DatagramPacket (buffer,pos,
InetAddress. getLocalHost(),clientPort));
pos=0;
break;
default:
buffer[pos++] = (byte) c;
}
}
}

Client Application

public static void TheClient() throws Exception
{
System.out.println("Press Ctrl+C for exit");
while(true)
{
DatagramPacket p = new DatagramPacket(buffer,
buffer.length);
ds.receive(p);
System.out.println(new String(p.getData(), 0 ,
p.getLength()));
}
}