• Stress – a

directed
pressure which
may lead to
strain (change
in
shape/deformat
ion)
•

Topo Maps vs Geologic Maps
• Geologic maps – formations,
members, beds, contacts



Outcrops
 Things we see: Faults
• Occur along breaks  movement
• Faults are from three types of stress:


 Tension  


 Compression 


 Shear 
 

 From stresses we get:
Faulting
• Normal Faults
• Reverse Faults
• Thrust faults
•
Sense of motion of the top block

relative to the bottom block

(REGARDLESS of which one has
actually moved!)
 Normal Fault
• From tensional stress
• ‘Normal’ referring to normal response
to g
• Hanging wall black moves down
relative to footwall block

 Reverse Faults
• Hanging wall block moves up in
relation to footwall
• Can happen at a high angle (reverse
fault) or low angle (thrust fault)
 Strike Slip Faults
• Also known as lateral faults
• Motion relative to an observer
standing on one side
• Right lateral or left lateral strike-slip
fault
 Right-lateral strike-slip
Left-lateral strike-slip fault
fault
Transform Faults (Strike-Slip)
• Occur on plate boundaries
 Folded Structures
• Anticline – convex fold, oldest rocks in the
middle
• Syncline – concave fold, youngest rocks in
the middle
• Both bend around a fold axis within the
axial plane
• Folds have limbs – one on each side of
axial plane
– If one limb is under the other  overturned
fold
• Fold axis may not be horizontal 
plunging fold
– Plunge = angle between fold axis and
horizonal
– Trend = the plunge bearing (compass
direction)


–

 A 3 D A n ticlin e  D o m e

-The oldest rocks at

center of the dome!
 A 3D Syncline  Basin

-Oldest rocks are at the center of

the basin!
 Mysteries….(aka
uncomformities!)
• Discomformity – Unconformity
between relatively parallel strata
• Angular unconformity - ….between
nonparallel strata
• Noncomformity – unconformity
between sedimentary rock and
non-sedimentary rock
Unconformities
 How do we map this stuff?
• Strike – compass bearing of line
formed by the intersection of a
horizontal plane to an incline layer
D ip – a n g le
b e tw e e n a
h o rizo n ta lp la n e
a n d th e tilte d
stra tu m ( w a te r
ru n s d o w n
a lo n g d ip
d ire ctio n )
Check out Fig 10.1!