PRESENTED BY

Ani mol
SOURCES OF RAISING FINANCE
According to
period
According to
ownership
According to source
of Generation
I. Long Term
Sources
II. Medium
Term
Sources
Short Term
Sources
I. Owners
Capital
II. Borrowe
d Capital
such as
Debentu
res,
Public
deposits,
Loans
I. Internal Source
eg.Retained
Earnings and
depreciation
Funds
II. External Sources
eg Debentures
Loans etc.
A debenture is a written instrument
acknowledging a debt and containing provisions as
regards the repayment of principal and the
payment of interest at a fixed rate.


According to section 2(12) of The companies
Act,1956,debenture
includes,debentures,stock,bonds and any
other securities of a company whether
constituting a charge on the asset of the
company or not. Debenture represent a debt.
The person who contribute money through
debentures are called debenture holders.
Fixed interest
The rate of interest payable on
debentures is fixed and is payable on the face
value of the debentures.
No voting Right
The debenture holders do not enjoy
voting right except at their class meetings.
Registered Debentures:
The name of such debenture holders are
found in the register of debenture holders of the
company. In other words interest is payable or the
repayment of debenture is made that person
whose name is registered in the books of the
company.
Secured debentures:
When debenture are secured by a charge on the
asset of the company, they are known as secured
debentures. The charge may be fixed.
Unsecured Debentures:
When debentures are issued without any
security in respect of interest or the repayment of
the principal they are known as unsecured
debentures.




Redeemable debentures:
Redeemable Debentures are those which
are redeemed either at a discount after the expiration of
the specified period.
Irredeemable Debentures:
Irredeemable debentures are those which are
not redeemable during the lifetime of the company.
Convertible Debentures:
These are debentures which give an option to
the debenture holders to convert them into preference or
equity shares at a stated rate of exchange.
Non-convertible debentures:
These debentures are those which do not have a right to
convert the into shares.

Since debentureholders have no voting right.
Debentures help to provide flexible capital
structure.
The company can enjoy tax benefit by issuing
debentures as the interest paid can be
deducted from the profit of the company.
Debentureholders have safe investment as
they have a fixed and regular income.
Creditors like debentures as they prefer safety
for their investment.
The issue of debentures may not be possible
on account of inadequacy of assets to be
offered as security.
Debentureholders do not have any voting
rights in the company.
Bond is a form loan ,the holder of the bond is the
lender (creditor), the issuer of the bond is the
borrower (debtor), and the coupon is the
interest. Bonds provide the borrower with
external funds to finance long-term investments
or, in the case of government bond to finance
current expenditure. Certificates of deposit
(CDs) or short term Commercial paper are
considered to be
money market instruments and not bonds.
Bonds are issued by public authorities, credit
institutions and companies .


fixed rate bond
It is a long term debt paper that carries a predetermined
interest rate. The interest rate is known as coupon rate
band interest is payable at specified dates before bond
maturity. Due to the fixed coupon, the market value of a
fixed-rate bond is susceptible to fluctuations in interest
rates, and therefore has a significant amount of interest
rate risk.
Government Bond
These are also called Treasury bond, is issued by a national
government and is not exposed to default risk. It is
characterized as the safest bond, with the lowest interest
rate. A treasury bond is backed by the full faith and credit
of the relevant government
Bearer Bond
This is an official certificate issued without a named holder. In
other words, the person who has the paper certificate can
claim the value of the bond. Often they are registered by a
number to prevent counterfeiting, but may be traded like cash.
Bearer bonds are very risky because they can be lost or stolen.
Especially after federal income tax began in the United States,
bearer bonds were seen as an opportunity to conceal income
or assets. U.S. corporations stopped issuing bearer bonds in
the 1960s, the U.S. Treasury stopped in1982 and state and
local tax-exempt bearer bonds were prohibited in 1983.
Registered bond
It is a bond whose ownership (and any subsequent
purchaser) is recorded by the issuer, or by a transfer agent.. It
is the alternative to a bearer bond. Interest payments, and the
principal upon maturity, are sent to the registered owner.