Environment - derived Environner, which mean

encircle or surrounding.

Environment is a complex of many variables, which
surrounds man as well as the living organisms.

Environmental studies describe the interrelationships
among organisms,
SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Creates awareness among the people to know about various renewable and
nonrenewable resources of the region.
Potential, patterns of utilization and the balance of various resources available
for future are analysed in the study.
Provides the knowledge about ecological systems
Provides information about biodiversity richness
Enables one to understand the causes and consequences due to natural and
main induced disasters
Helps to evaluate alternative responses to environmental issues
Exposes the problems of over population, health, hygiene, etc. and the role of
arts, science and technology in eliminating/ minimizing the evils from the
society.
Tries to identify and develop appropriate and indigenous eco-friendly skills and
technologies to various environmental issues.
Teaches the citizens the need for sustainable utilization of resources
Enables theoretical knowledge into practice and the multiple uses of
environment.

MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH
Biology
Geology
Chemistry
Physics
Engineering
Sociology
Health
Anthropology
Economics
Statistics
Philosophy
Major environmental issues

IMPORTANCE
The study enables the people to understand the complexities of the
environment and need for the people to adapt appropriate activities and
pursue sustainable development, which are harmonious with the
environment.
The study motivates students to get involved in community action, and to
participate in various environmental and management projects.
It is a high time to reorient educational systems and curricula towards these
needs.
Environmental studies take a multidisciplinary approach to the study of
human interactions with the natural environment. It integrates different
approaches of the humanities , social sciences, biological sciences and
physical sciences and applies these approaches to investigate
environmental concerns.
Environmental study is a key instrument for bringing about the changes in
the knowledge, values, behaviors and lifestyles required to achieve
sustainability and stability within and among countries.

MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Mans ambition for limitless enjoyment and comfort -
exploitation of natures wealth
Reduces natures capacity for self stabilization
Mans voracious appetite for resources - has put him on
collision course with environment.
Major environmental issues threatening mankind are
Global warming, water pollution, biomedical wastes, e
waste, Hazardous waste, pesticide pollution and loss of
biodiversity

GLOBAL WARMING
Air pollutants from automobiles

WATER POLLUTION
Polluted tank
The Indian homes produces
about 75 % of the wastewater,
Sewage treatment facilities are
inadequate in most cities and
almost absent in rural India.

Marine pollution


Industrial pollution
According to CPCB, of the 8,432
large and medium industries in
the country, only 4,989 had
installed appropriate measures to
treat wastewater before
discharge.

Drinking water or scrap yard !!!
PALAR RIVER BASIN
120 km length with 4710 area of river basin
The Kudaganaru River which passes through 15 villages in Tamil
Nadu is polluted due to the effluents discharged by 17 tanneries
in Dindigul.
PESTICIDE POLLUTION
Poisoning from pesticides affects 68,000
farmers and workers every day

25 million workers / year suffer from
pesticide poisoning throughout the world.

Farmers and agricultural workers are
exposed to pesticides directly, especially
in developing countries such as Asia.

Major Areas of Pesticide Usage

Source: www.hinduonnet.com
Major Areas of Pesticide Usage

Source: www.hinduonnet.com
Agriculture
69.4%
Public health
30.6%
PESTICIDE PATHWAY
IMPORTANT PESTICIDE EPISODES

Common plantation workers in Malaysia
against the impact of Parquet.

IRRI workers in Philippines poisoned by
pesticides

The communities living in KasarGao,
Kerala who have been poisoned by
Endosulfan, which was aerially sprayed by
the plantation corporation of Kerala, India
BHOPAL DISASTER
This vapour was a highly toxic cloud of methyl isocyanate.
2,000 died immediately
3,00,000 were injured
7,000 animals were injured, 1000 were killed.

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

Samples of various body tissues and stomach contents
were analysed for a variety of organic and inorganic
chemicals

Level of endosulfan seems to be indicative of
poisoning.

Histopathological report
Kidney : Toxic nephritis
Liver : Toxic hepatitis
PESCTICIDES IN SOFT DRINKS
Soft drinks are non-alcoholic water-based
flavoured drinks that are optionally sweetened,
acidulated and carbonated.
Some carbonated soft drinks also contain
caffeine; mainly the brown-coloured cola
drinks.
MAJOR PLAYERS IN INDIA
The two global majors PepsiCo and Coca-Cola dominate
the soft drink market in India.

COCO COLA BRANDS
Coca-Cola bought local brands-Thumps Up, Limca, sprite,
minute made, and Gold Spot from Parle Beverages and
soft drink brands Crush, Canada Dry and Sport Cola from
Cadbury Schweppes in early 1999
PEPSICO BRANDS
SAMPLE ANALYSIS
Soft drinks industry is a classic case as the Centre for Science
and Environment (CSE) discovered way back in 2003.
A laboratory report prepared by CSE detailed some
astonishing facts about the extent of pesticide contamination
in soft drinks sold in India
The samples were analysed by using EPA Method 8081A for
organochlorines and EPA Method 8141A for
organophosphorus compounds by gas chromatography -
capillary column technique.

Center for Science and Environment (CSE) found
a cocktail of 3 to 6 pesticides in all samples. The
average amount of pesticide is 24 times higher
than B.I.S. standard.

Pepsi contained 30 times higher residues on an
average. Coca cola contains 27 times higher
residue on an average.

The brand break-up of the pesticide content
shows that Coca cola contains the most pesticide
content and Pepsi Cafechino has the least
pesticide content
Market leaders Coca-Cola and Pepsi had almost
similar concentrations of pesticide residues. At the
same time CSE also tested two soft drink brands sold
in the US, to see if they contained pesticides. They
didnt. This only goes to show the companies were
following dual standards.

The brand break-up in ppb (parts per billion) are as follows:

Pepsi Cola - 15.2 ppb
Coca cola - 13.4 ppb
Seven Up - 12.5 ppb
Thums Up - 10.9 ppb
Mirinda Orange - 10.7 ppb
Duke Lemonade - 10.9 ppb
Mirinda Lemon - 8.1 ppb
Limca - 6.7 ppb
Fanta - 9.1 ppb
Mountain Dew - 7.0 ppb



Among the total pesticide found in 18 cities in India, Kolkata is
on the top and Guwahati is in the bottom of that list. Kolkata has
a pesticide content in cold drinks of about 51.7 ppb.

It has been shown time and again that these pesticides can be
used to kill bacteria in bathrooms. The acidic content of these
drinks are harmful to the human body.


HAZARDOUS WASTE

In India, generation of hazardous
waste into the tune of 6-7 million
tones /year.

The major hazardous waste in India
is petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals,
pesticides, paints, dyes, fertilizers,
chlor-alkali and other different
industries
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Dumping of Tannery Sludge


BIOMEDICAL WASTE

Amalgams -poison in the making
A dentist could generate around 80 gms mercury/month
51 kgs of mercury released from amalgams each year in Delhi
MERCURY IS MORE POISONOUS AND DANGEROUS
THAN LEAD AND ARSENIC.
E WASTE

Large household appliances - Refrigerators Air
conditioners, computers & Stereo systems, Mobile
phones.

Its volume increases by 3-5% per annum

Differs from normal municipal waste stream.

Major pollutants are Heavy metals Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr
(VI) and Flame retardants Polybrominated biphenyls
(PBB) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs).

Lead to water !!!
Is India graveyard for e-waste ???
E WASTE INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO

20-50 MT / yr of WEEE are generated world-wide.

USA accounts 1% to 3% of the total municipal waste generation.

EU - 5 to 7 million tonnes per annum or about 14 to 15 kg per
capita and is expected to grow at a rate of 3% to 5% per year.

India's e-waste generation is growing at the rate of 15per cent
and is expected to cross 800,000 tonne mark by 2012.

In developed countries, currently it equals 1% of total solid waste
generation and is expected to grow to 2% by 2010.

WHY IS E WASTE A PROBLEM? (CONT)
In the US in 2005, 42 million computers were discarded
25 million in storage
4 million recycled
13 million landfilled
0.5 million incinerated
e wastes
Computer peripherals
Discarded cables
House-holds
Battery parts
WHY IS EWASTE A PROBLEM?
Rapid
Technology
Changes
Increased
Consumer
Electronic
Purchases
More
eWaste
More
Hazardous
Materials
Land filled
Increasing
Human
Health
Risks
WHAT ARE THE TOXIC COMPONENTS?
Electronic Waste Recycling
www.news.bbc.co.uk
WHY IS EWASTE IN LANDFILLS CONTROVERSIAL?
E Waste constitutes 40% of lead and 70% of
heavy metals in landfills
Daily Cover
Refuse Cell
Leachate Collection
Plastic Liner
Clay Barrier
WHY IS E WASTE IN LANDFILLS CONTROVERSIAL?
(CONT)
The uncertain science of landfills
Inconsistent data regarding dose levels & exposure route
Rudimentary e Waste recycling could create more environmental
hazards than land filling

http://www.pc-recycling.com/

These are 500 times more poisonous gases than pollution
from other means
The poisonous gases !!!
Incineration plant oberhausen, Germany
WASTE NEAR WATER
Lead to water !!!

Is this what we leave for next generation ???
LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity loss
last 200 years 100 sp mammals
160 birds
Habitat destruction
Habitat fragmentation
Habitat degradation and pollution
Introduction of exotic species
Disease
Over exploitation
Shifting or Jhum cultivation



Thank You