Reinforced Concrete Floors Jonathan Hirsch, P.E. Computer Assisted Design of Concrete Floors
Types of programs available
Advantages of each
Why specialized finite element software is necessary for PT design Computer Assisted Design of Concrete Floors
The design process using 3-D finite element analysis
Project examples Types of Programs Available
2-D strip method
3-D finite element method Linear elastic Non-linear 2-D Strip Method Structure analyzed with one model per beam, one-way slab, or two-way slab bay Equivalent frame method used for two- way slabs Easy to understand behavior Good for highly repetitive structures Flat Plate Example Transverse direction Longitudinal direction 3-D finite element method
Less cumbersome work with one model instead of numerous
Easier to incorporate changes Loadings Concrete geometry Construction Issues Low Concrete Strength Broken Strands Las Olas River Condominiums 43 Story Fort Lauderdale, FL Suncoast Post- Tension Visual modeling / input
Speed
CAD like interface
Reduce chances for input error
Automatic mesh generation River City Apartments, Brisbane 1650 mm Transfer Slab River City Apartments Tendons Robert Bird and Partners Accuracy of 3-D FE Analysis Continuity Effects
Load Path
Complicated Loads
Generally leads to more optimal design
Accuracy of 3-D FE Analysis
Restraining Effects
Torsion
Continuity Effects Continuity Effects Beam and Slab: Relatively straightforward load path Beam and Slab:
More difficult load path Prestress tendon profile variations Bending moments Loads .. Self weight is automatically calculated Superimposed loadings easily input Straightforward line load Complicated point and line loads Restraining Effects
Normally ignored by 2-D programs
Can be calculated and accounted for by 3-D finite element programs
Important for serviceability of structure
Important for strength of structure (hyperstatic effects) Torsion
Normally ignored by 2-D programs (potentially creating a conservative design)
Can exist in 3-D finite element model and therefore should be designed for Torsion Torsion Graphical Presentation of Results Graphical Presentation of Results Finite Element Basics Using shell elements to model concrete floors
In plane forces
Out of plane forces
Related in irregular slabs (change of centroid) In Plane Forces Out of Plane Forces Plate Considerations
Resolution of Txy
Integrated forces in equilibrium with nodal loads
Interaction of In Plane/Out of Plane Fx = Fx Vxy = Vxy Vxz = Vxz My = My - Fx d Mxy = Mxy - Vxy d Using Shell Elements to Model Beams
Deep beam behavior
Torsion stiffness of beams using shell elements
Transfer of moment through large step Deep Beam Behavior Deep Beam Behavior Torsion Stresses Moment Transfer Through Step Beam Orthotropic Element Properties Hyperstatic (Secondary) effects .. Hyperstatic effects Hyperstatic effects .. Hyperstatic effects .. Complete Secondary (Hyperstatic) Effects Allan Bommer PTI Journal - January 2004 Post-Tensioning Loadings
Balance Loading
Hyperstatic Loading
The 3-D Finite Element Design Process Model the structure Apply the loads Lay out the tendons (if PT) Draw design strips (define cross-sections) Perform the design Process results Model the Structure Model the Structure Model the Structure Apply the Loads (Dead Loads) Apply the Loads (Live Loads) Lay Out Tendons (Banded) Lay Out Tendons (Distributed) Lay Out Tendons Deflection With Initial Tendon Layout Draw the Design Strips Draw the Design Strips Draw the Design Strips Draw the Design Strips Draw the Design Strips Draw the Design Strips Perform the Design Perform the Design Perform the Design Perform the Design Process Results Process Results Process Results Process Results Process Results Process Results Process Results Process Results Process Results Process Results Process Results Process Results Process Results Process Results Process Results Special Considerations Lateral Analysis / Design
Punching Shear Analysis / Design
Restraining Effects
Pour Strips, etc.
Mat Foundations
Punching Shear Punching Shear SR=1.25 Punching Shear .. stress ratio exceeds unity Punching Shear .. without penetrations, stress ratio < 1 Mats Mats 48 Mat: DL + LL + WL Bearing pressure Max = 2560 psf Min = 690 psf 24 Mat: DL + LL + WL Bearing pressure Max = 3450 psf Min = 0 psf (10 iterations) 24 Mat: DL + LL + WL Bearing pressure Max = 3450 psf Min = 0 psf (10 iterations) Bridgewater Place, Leeds Mixed Use: Office / Residential Connell Mott McDonald Matthew Consultants Minneapolis Institute of Arts .Soffit view Top view Sheraton Keauhou Bay Resort Keauhou Kona, Hawaii Structural Systems (UK) Ltd Westbridge Wharf Leicester
Strongforce / Laing ORourke 3 residential buildings 9 levels each Westbridge Wharf St. Lucia Luxury Condominiums Destin, Florida Suncoast Post-Tension St. Lucia Luxury Condominiums Destin, Florida Suncoast Post-Tension Royal Palm Plaza Boca Raton, FL
Tendon Systems, Inc. Royal Palm Plaza Boca Raton, FL
Tendon Systems, Inc. Opus Architects and Engineers Jonathan Hirsch, P.E. Jonathan.Hirsch@bentley.com
(Foundations of Engineering Mechanics) v. A. Svetlitsky (Auth.) - Engineering Vibration Analysis - Worked Problems 1-Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (2004)