Nemo Analysis Workshop

Topics
1.Nemo Events and Definition

2.RRC and Layer3 messages
3.SIB Information,Measument Control (MC),Measurement Report (MR)
4.CS and PS Call Flow
5.Cell Reselection, SHO and ISHO

Nemo Events and Definitions
MOC
M
T
C
MOC/MTC Call Flow timing
Block error ratio:BLER is measured from the CRC
Transport Block (TB) is a basic unit that is exchanged
between Layer 1 and Layer 2 (MAC). Layer 1 adds
CRC for each TB and BLER is calculated from the CRC
Cell update causes in priority order:
Uplink data transmission in URA_PCH, CELL_PACH
Paging response in URA_PCH, CELL_PACH
Radio link failure in CELL_DCH (*)
Re-entering service area in CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH
RLC unrecoverable error in all sub-states
Cell reselection in CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH
Periodical cell update in CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH
URA update causes in priority order:
(the UE is in the URA_PCH sub-state)
URA reselection
Periodic URA update
When do I
have to
perform a
cell/ URA
update?
RRC and Layer-3 Messages
System Information Blocks (SIB)
RRC Modes
DCCH and if configured DTCH
Dedicate physical channel in use
UE location known on active set
cell level
UE responsible for measurement
reporting
Cell system information on BCCH
RRC messages on DCCH
DCCH and if configured DTCH
FACH used for higher layer data
transfer,
UE monitors FACH permanently
Uplink transmission on RACH
UE location known on serving cell
level
UE performs cell re-selection
UE responsible for measurement
reporting
Cell system information on BCCH
RRC messages on BCCH, CCCH
and DCCH
no DCCH and DTCH
Before uplink transmission UE moves to CELL_FACH
UE must be paged
RRC messages on BCCH and PCCH
In CELL_PCH
- UE location known on cell level
- UE performs cell re-selection and cell updates
In CELL URA
- UE location known on URA level
- UE performs cell re-selection and URA updates
CELL_PCH and URA_PCH
CELL_FACH
CELL_DCH
What are the characteristics of the individual sub-states, when the UE is in the RRC connected mode?
CELL_DCH
In this sub-state, dedicated physical channels are allocated to the UE. DCCH and if configured DTCH information can be transmitted.
There no need to identify the UE on a dedicated channel, because the physical channels are exclusively allocated to this UE. UTRAN
knows the active set cells for the radio links and thus the location of the the UE. Also downlink shared channels can be allocated to the
UE.
In this state, the UE is capable to receive RRC messages on the DCCH (and BCCH, if it owns specific capabilities). The cell system
information is broadcasted on the FACH. The UE reads the cell system information and acts accordingly. For instance, it determines the
measurement quality and the reporting events from the cell system information.
CELL_FACH
This state was introduced for traffic situations, where only small amounts of data have to be transmitted. This is the case when only
higher layer signalling information (NAS signalling) or small amount of user data (e.g. SMS messages) have to be transmitted. In this
case, an exclusive allocation of one physical channel to the UE would result in a waste of resources.

The UE is capable to receive and transmit DCCH and if configured DTCH information. Only common transport channel FACH can be
used by the UE to transmit higher layer data, which it has to share with other UEs. Each UE must be explicitly addressed, for instance by
the RNTI. It has to monitor the FACH permanently in the downlink, not to miss user data for it. The UEs FACH is mapped on one S-
CCPCH. In the uplink, it uses the shared transport channels for user data transfer, such as the RACH.
The UE is only connected to one cell, and this is the location information, known within UTRAN. No soft handover takes place in this sub-
state. The UE is responsible for cell re-selection. By listening to the cell system information from the BCCH, it gains all relevant
measurement qualities, threshold values, neighbourhood lists to perform the cell re-selection process. Other relevant information is also
learned from the BCCH. The UE receives RRC messages on the BCCH, CCCH and DCCH channels.
Due to the discontinuous type of traffic, UTRAN can command the UE to perform periodic cell updates.
CELL_PCH
In this sub-state, the UEs current cell is known to the RNC. If the RNC wants to exchange data with the UE, it only needs to page the UE
there. If the UE changes the cell, it must perform a cell update. Also periodical cell updates can be requested by UTRAN. To perform
updates, the UE must change to the CELL_FACH sub-state. (Please note, that no uplink transmission is allowed in
CELL_PCH/URA_PCH.)

URA_PCH
URA stands for UTRAN Registration Area. If the UE is in the CELL_PCH and moving fast, a lot of cell updates have to be performed.
URAs are a combination of one or several cells under one C-RNC. URAs may overlap, i.e. a cell may belong to several URAs. If UTRAN
wants to transmit something to the UE, it must page the UE within the URA. The UE is responsible for URA updates when it changes the
URA and periodic URA updates when required by UTRAN.
States of Bearer Allocation
System Information
Within UTRAN system information is broadcasted with the help of the RRC messages
System Information,
Paging Type I, and
System Information Change Indication.

Most system information parameters are determined by the RNC. The Node B is informed about the
parameters via the NBAP message BCCH Information. Some system parameters can be made
available by the Node B, such as interference values, which change fast. Given the system
information, the UE is capable to decide, whether or how to access the PLMN via the existing cell.

System information is organised in System Information Blocks (SIBs). System information is grouped into
SIB 1 to SIB 18. Each SIB is responsible to carry a specific content. For instance, SIB 12 holds
measurement control information and parameters. Depending on the UEs RRC state, it reads specific
SIBs, and uses the transmitted parameters.

There is a huge amount of SIBs, which have to be read by the UE. This requires a lot of battery power.

Therefore, a Master Information Block (MIB) was introduced, which gives references and scheduling
information about the SIBs. The MIB is transmitted in every 8
th
radio frame on the P-CCPCH (on
position SFN mod 8 = 0, and with a TTI of 20 ms).
For most of the SIBs used within the system, the MIB may carry a value tag. The only exceptions are SIB
15.2, SIB 15.3 and SIB 16. If a value tag is unchanged, the corresponding system information has not
been modified. Thus, there is no need for the UE to read the SIB. SIB 7 has no value tag. It changes
with each occurrence.
Scheduling information is used to inform the UE, where and when a specific system information is
transmitted.
Node B
UTRAN
System Information ( )
UE
RNC
NBAP: BCCH Information
MIB
value tag M
SIB 1
value tag 1
SIB 2
value tag 2
SIB 3
value tag 3
SIB 18
value tag 18
position on P-CCPCH: SFN mod 8 = 0
TTI: 20 ms
value tag M: range 1..8
NBAP = Node B
Application Part
UTRAN can notify UEs, that a value tag in the MIB has been changed. Hereby, the information element BCCH Modification Info is broadcasted. There are
two RRC messages, which can carry this information element:

Paging Type 1
Some mobile phones have no radio link allocated, mobile phones, which are in the RRC idle mode, and in the RRC connected mode sub-states
CELL_PCH and URA_PCH. This paging message is transmitted in all paging occasions in the cell.
System Information Change Indication
With this message, we address UEs in the CELL_FACH sub-state. Consequently, this message must be transmitted on every S-CCPCH, which carries
FACHs. The System Information Change Indication message is transmitted on a BCCH, which must be mapped on FACHs in such a way, that every S-
CCPCH carries the BCCH Modification Change IE.

Within the IE BCCH Modification Change, even a BCCH Modification Time can be given, indicating to the UEs, when the value tags will change.

Please note, that UEs in the CELL_DCH sub-state are addressed directly by the RNC via the Measurement Control message.
In this course documentation, we only describe the System Information Blocks (SIBs), which are used in Nokias RAN1, and
SIB 4 and SIB16. Please note, that all SIBs are valid on cell level except for SIB 1, SIB 15.3, and SIB 16. SIB 1 and SIB
15.3 are valid on PLMN level, while SIB 16 is valid for equivalent PLMNs.
For each SIB, following characteristics were specified:
Area scope: Where is the value tag valid: within one cell or within a PLMN/ equivalent PLMN?
UE RRC state: When the SIB is valid?
UE RRC state: When the SIB is read?
Scheduling information: At which position is the SIB transmitted and what is its repetition period?
Modification of system information: Is it indicated by a value tag, or is it timer based?

The UE receives all SIBs via the BCCH. There is only one exception: SIB 10. If a UE is capable to receive simultaneously one S-
CCPCH and one DPCH, than it receives SIB 10 on a FACH.

Master Information Block (MIB):
The MIB informs the UE about the supported PLMN types and the PLMN identity. The UE finds in the MIB also references to up
to maxSIB (=32) SIBs, including their scheduling information and type.
A MIB is valid in one cell. If a UE changes the cell, is must read the new cells MIB. The MIB is read in the RRC modes/states
RRC idle, CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH and URA PCH. Its parameter are valid in the same states. A change of the MIB information
is indicated by a value tag.

In this course documentation, we only describe the System Information Blocks (SIBs), which are used in Nokias RAN1, and SIB 4
and SIB16. Please note, that all SIBs are valid on cell level except for SIB 1, SIB 15.3, and SIB 16. SIB 1 and SIB 15.3 are valid
on PLMN level, while SIB 16 is valid for equivalent PLMNs.
SIB1
System Information Block 1 (SIB 1)
This SIB is used to inform the UE about NAS system information. The NAS
system information characterises the NAS domains. SIB 1 also delivers
UE timers and counters, which have to be used by the UE in the RRC idle
and RRC connected mode.
For instance, a UE in the RRC connected mode uses the timer T305 for
periodic cell and URA updates.

SIB 1 is valid in one PLMN. The MIB is read in the RRC modes/states
RRC idle, CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH and URA PCH. Its parameter are
valid in the same states, and the the RRC sub-state CELL_DCH. If the UE
selects a new cell, and the SIB 1 value tag has the same number as in the
preceding cell, the same content is transmitted in this SIB. There is then
no necessity for the UE to read this SIB after cell re-selection.
T302/N302 The CELL UPDATE/URA UPDATE retransmission timer (MS
timer)

T300/N300 The RRC CONNECTION REQUEST retransmission timer (MS
timer)

T312/N312 The timer for supervising successful establishment of a
physical channel (MS timer)

T309 The timer for supervising successful connection establishment in case of
an inter-RAT cell re-selection (MS timer)

T316 This timer is started when the UE detects an out of service area in
URA_PCH or CELL_PCH state. This timer is stopped when the UE detects an
in service area. When the timer expires the UE initiates cell update procedure
(MS timer).

T317 This timer is started when the T316 expires and the UE detects an out
of service area. This timer is stopped when the UE detects an in service area.
When the timer expires the UE transits to idle mode (MS timer)
SIB2
This SIB contains an URA identity list.
SIB 2 is read and valid in the RRC sub-state URA_PCH. A change of the SIB 2 information is indicated by a value tag.
SIB3
This SIB contains relevant parameters for cell selection and re-selection. It
also holds the cell identity and cell restriction data, such as cell barred
IEs. SIB 3 must be read and is valid in the RRC idle mode. It is read and
valid in the RRC connected mode sub-states CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH
and URA_PCH, if SIB 4 is not broadcasted. A change of the SIB 3
information is indicated by a value tag.
SIB4
This SIB holds mostly the same data fields as SIB 3, but it is read and valid only, when the UE is in the RRC
connected mode. I.e, this optional SIB is read and valid in the CELL_FACH, CELL_PACH and URA_PCH sub-
state. A change of the SIB 4 information is indicated by a value tag.
SIB5
The parameters for the configuration of physical channels are broadcasted in this SIB. The parameters cover
the PICH power offset, the AICH power offset, P-CCPCH, S-CCPCH and PRACH system information lists. SIB
5 must be read and is valid in the RRC idle mode. It is read and valid in the RRC connected mode sub-states
CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH and URA_PCH, if SIB 6 is not available. A change of the SIB 5 information is
indicated by a value tag.
SIB7
This SIB holds fast changing parameters. Therefore no value tag is used for it. The UE has to read its parameters
periodically. For that, an expiration timer (Expiration Time Factor) is broadcasted with this message. SIB 7 expires at
max(32, 8 * Expiration Time Factor). Expiration Time Factor can have the values 2times, 4 times, 8 times ... 256
times. Its default value is 1.

The fast changing parameters transmitted with SIB 7 include the UL interference and dynamic persistence level. It is
read and valid in all states except for the CELL_DCH sub-state.

SIB11
This SIB holds measurement control information. The UE gets here the relevant date for traffic measurement, intra-
frequency measurements, etc. SIB 11 must be read and is valid in the RRC idle mode. It is read and valid in the RRC
connected mode sub-states CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH and URA_PCH, if SIB 12 is not broadcasted. It is also valid in
the RRC sub-state CELL_DCH, as long as the UE did not get a Measurement Control message from UTRAN and
SIB 12 is not broadcasted. A change of the SIB 11 information is indicated by a value tag.
SIB11
SIB11
SIB12
SIB 12 transmits measurement control information for UEs in the RRC connected mode. If not transmitted,
the UEs take the parameters broadcasted with SIB 11. If available, SIB 12 is read and valid in the RRC
connected mode sub-states CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH and URA_PCH. It is also valid in the RRC sub-state
CELL_DCH, as long as the UE did not get a Measurement Control message from UTRAN. A change of the
SIB 12 information is indicated by a value tag.
RB, TrCH, and PhyCH parameters are broadcasted, which are stored by the UE both in the RRC idle and
RRC connected mode. The parameters are used during a handover to UTRAN. Consequently, these
parameters stay valid, when the UE is connected to GSM and GPRS.
This SIB is valid in all RRC states, and read in all RRC states except for the CELL_DCH. The UE reads and
stores the parameters. A change of the SIB 16 information is indicated by a value tag.
SIB16
Voice and Video are both Conversational
RRC messages information - CS
DL SRB
UE in DUAL MODE UE in 3G LOCKED MODE
Voice AMR
CS call, 64Kbps,
Transparent

Video Call
Video CS 64:
DL SF 32
UL SF 16

Voice AMR:
DL SF 128
UL SF 64
(16 Kbps,12.2kbps)
RRC messages information - PS
PS can also be OriginatingHighPrioritySignalling And
Registration (Only for Attach)
Modify max bit rate by Nemo
SIM Card QoS profile
Measurement Control (MC) and Measurement Report (MR)
UTRAN controls the measurements in the UE, either by
broadcasting system information on the BCCH, and/or by
transmitting a Measurement Control message on the DCCH.

If the UE is in the RRC idle mode, it receives relevant measurement information from the BCCH. The
SIB type 3 contains parameters for cell selection and re-selection. In parallel, the SIB type 11 is used
to deliver measurement control information to the UE for the serving cell. SIB 3 and SIB 11are read
and valid in the RRC idle state.
If the UE is in the RRC sub-states CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH and URA_PCH, it is connected to one cell
only and responsible for cell selection and re-selection. It retrieves the parameters for cell selection
from SIB type 4. The measurement control information is broadcasted with SIB type 12. SIB 4 and SIB
12 are read and valid, when the UE is in the CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH and URA_PCH sub-state. If
SIB 4 resp. SIB 12 is not broadcasted, then SIB 3 resp. SIB 11 parameters are used instead.
In the sub-state CELL_DCH, the UE is not reading the SIB type 3/4 and 11/12. The parameters of SIB
12 (SIB 11, if SIB is not available) can be still valid in this state.

The RRC message Measurement Control can be transmitted to the UE, if a DCCH has been setup
between the UE and UTRAN. This message informs the UE about the type of measurement, which
has to be conducted. Each measurement command links a measurement with a measurement identity,
quantity, objects, reporting quantities, reporting criteria, type, etc.

Node B
UTRAN
RNC
UE
System Information
[BCCH]
I am in the
RRC idle mode
Node B
UTRAN
RNC
UE
System Information
[BCCH]
I am in the
CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH or
URA_PCH sub-state
Node B
UTRAN
RNC
UE
Measurement Control [DCCH]
I am in the
CELL_DCH sub-state
SIB 3 & SIB 11
SIB 4 & SIB 12
(SIB 3 & SIB 11)
SIB 3 [4]: parameters for cell selection and re-selection [in the RRC connected mode]
SIB 11 [12] : measurement control information [in the RRC connected mode]
read and valid: idle, CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH, URA_PCH.
(SIB 11/12 is also valid in the CELL_DCH.)
How does a UE perform measurements after a transition in the CELL_DCH state. Two cases have to be
distinguished:

Transition from the RRC idle state to the CELL_DCH sub-state
In the RRC idle state, the UE retrieved the measurement control parameters from the SIB type 11.
Information Elements, which contain intra-frequency, inter-frequency, inter-RAT and traffic volume
measurement system information, may be included in the SIB 11. If they are included, the UE can
send a measurement report, when a measurement reporting criteria is fulfilled.
As soon as the UE receives a Measurement Control message including one of the above mentioned
measurement types, it replaces its internal stored data based on the SIB11 by the parameters
delivered with the Measurement Control message.

Transition from the CELL_FACH to the CELL_DCH sub-state.
In the CELL_FACH sub-state, the SIB 12 (or SIB 11, if there is no SIB 12) is valid including all relevant
measurement control parameters. If the UE transits to the CELL_DCH sub-state, the system
information stays valid, as long as there was no Measurement Control message, which replaces the
parameters.
But what happens, if the UE was in the CELL_DCH sub-state, it has received Measurement Control
messages, and it then transits to the CELL_FACH sub-state. In the CELL_FACH sub-state, the UE
reads SIB 12 (SIB 11), and its measurement control parameters become valid. But when the UE then
transits back to the CELL_DCH sub-state, the UE resumes with the measurements and associated
reporting, as they were stored before the transition to the CELL_FACH (or any other RRC connected)
sub-state.
The RRC message Measurement Control is used to setup, to modify, and to release a measurement in the UE.
The UE gets all relevant information, how to perform a specific type of measurements. A measurement is
either conducted periodically or driven by an event. Then, the UE returns a measurement report.

The Measurement Control message is transmitted on a DCCH via an RLC entity in the acknowledged mode.
I.e. the UE is either in the RRC connected sub-state CELL_DCH or CELL_FACH.
If the setup of a measurement fails, the UE returns the RRC message Measurement Control Failure. It is
transmitted on an UL DCCH via an RLC entity in the acknowledged mode.

The RRC message Measurement Report was specified to deliver measurement results from the UE to UTRAN
(RNC). This message is transmitted on a DCCH. The RLC entity can be in the acknowledged or
unacknowledged mode. The RLC entity mode is set by the RRC message Measurement Control.

Measurement results can be only transmitted in the CELL_DCH or CELL_FACH sub-state.
CELL_DCH: If a reporting criterion is met, the UE transmits a Measurement Report. A measurement identity
identifies the measurement as specified by UTRAN. It includes measurement quantities and identifies the
measurement event.
CELL_FACH: In this sub-state, traffic volume measurements and positioning measurements are reported by
the UE. Intra-frequency measurements are reported via the RACH, whereby the UE learns from the BCCH
(SIB11 or SIB12) the maximum numbers of cells, it can report.
CELL_PCH or URA_PCH: UE must perform a cell update. Cell update cause is uplink data transmission.
Then they are in the CELL_FACH state, where the Measurement Report can be sent. The measurement report
either holds traffic volume measurements or positioning measurements.
With the RRC message Measurement Control, UTRAN commands the UE to perform measurements on
its behalf. There is a set of different types of measurements, which can be conducted:

Intra-Frequency Measurements
Inter-Frequency Measurements
Inter-RAT Measurements
UE-Internal Measurements
Traffic Volume Measurements
Quality Measurements
UE Positioning Methods
As a consequence, a UE may be forced to conduct several different types of measurements
simultaneously. Each type of measurement is identified by an allocated Measurement Identity.

Some measurements are not conducted continuously. UTRAN tells the UE once, how to perform a type
of measurements. Whenever necessary, it just informs the UE to conduct the measurements of a
measurement type by just telling it the associated measurement identity.

Each measurement type comes with a measurement command: setup, modify, and release.

Finally, UTRAN inform the UE, how to deliver the measurement reports:
Delivery on an acknowledged or unacknowledged RLC, and
Periodical or event triggered reporting.

In the RRC message Measurement Control, the is an PhyCH information elements, where the UE can
gain DPCH compressed mode status information.
UE IEs
Measurement IEs
PhyCH IEs
Measurement Identity
Measurement Command
Measurement Reporting Mode
CHOICE Measurement type
Additional measurements list
DPCH compressed mode
status info
setup/modify/release
RLC AM/UM and
periodical reporting/event triggered
includes non-frequency
related cell info
Intra-Frequency Measurements
Inter-Frequency Measurements
Inter-RAT Measurements
UE-Internal Measurements
Traffic Volume Measurements
Quality Measurements
UE Positioning Methods
UE
RNC
Measurement Control ( )
RRC messages information
UL Traffic volumes High threshold information sent after RAB setup complete (CELL_DCH)
UE Buffer triggers Threshold for RAB Upgrade
First RAB Reconfiguration
DL 32Kbps(SF64)/ UL 32Kbps SF32)
UL Traffic volumes High threshold information sent after RAB setup complete (CELL_DCH)
Second RAB Reconfiguration
DL 384Kbps(SF8)/ UL 32Kbps (SF32)
Maximum DL bit rate for PS domain NRT data = 384 Kbps
Maximum UL bit rate for PS domain NRT data = 64 Kbps
Initial and minimum allowed bit rate in downlink = 32 Kbps
Initial and minimum allowed bit rate in uplink = 32 Kbps

Cell DCH Cell FACH
Cell FACH Cell PCH
Cell PCH Cell FACH
Cell FACH Cell DCH
Intra-frequency measurements are measurements on downlink physical channels at the same frequency as
the active set. The measurement object is one cell.
If the RRC message Measurement Control commands the UE to make intra-frequency measurement, it may
contain among others:
Intra-frequency cell info list (optional)
Measurement quantity

There are three different measurement quantities for the FDD mode:
- Downlink E
c
/N
0

- Downlink received signal code power (RSCP) after despreading.
- Downlink pathloss in dB = Primary CPICH Tx power - CPICH RSCP.
Measurement validity
The measurement validity describes, when the measurement has to be conducted. There are three options:
- CELL_DCH state,
- all states except the CELL_DCH state, and
- all states.
Reporting Criteria
Reporting criteria outline, what kind of intra-frequency measurements have to be conducted. A set of intra-
frequency measurements were specified, but it is the operators choice, which ones are used.
Intra-frequency Measurements
Below, you can see a list of intra-frequency reporting events. UTRAN decides, which of the listed events have to be
reported by the UE. The required intra-frequency reporting events, which are choosen by UTRAN, depend on the
implemented handover reporting function or other radio network functions. The measurement quantities are
determined by measuring the P-CPICH of the cell.

Reporting events
1A: A Primary CPICH enters the reporting range
The reporting range can be between 0 and 14.5 dB (step size 0.5 dB). The reporting range can be set in relation with
the measurement of the best (strongest) cell as is was displayed on the next figure. It can be also set in ration with
a weighted average of the best measured cell and the averaged measurement results of additional, non-forbidden
cells. If a CPICH crosses the reporting range, a reporting event is triggered. A individual cell offset can be taken into
account.
1B: A primary CPICH leaves the reporting rang Similar concept as in 1A.
1C: A non-active primary CPICH becomes better than an active primary CPICH
1D: Change of best cell
1E: A Primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold (RAN 1.5)
1F: A Primary CPICH becomes worse than an absolute threshold (RAN 1.5)

A hysteresis value can be set before reporting the event in all reporting events in the figures, this is only shown for 1A
and 1B.
Intra-frequency Reporting Events
Inter-rat
1E for
cell 3
Reporting event: 1E: A P-CPICH becomes better than
an absolute threshold
1F: A P-CPICH becomes worse than
an absolute threshold
1F
for
cell 1
time
Cell 1 Cell 2
Cell 3
absolute
threshold
e
.
g
.

P
-
C
P
I
C
H

E
c
/
N
o

Neighbourhood List Combination for Intra-frequency HOs
Cell 5
Cell 6
Cell 7
Cell 8
Cell 9
Cell 10
Cell 11
Cell 12
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
Cell 4
Cell 3
Cell11
Neighbour cells which
are common to Cell 6
and Cell 7
Cell 4
Cell 8
Cell 12
Cell 6
Neighbour cells
defined only for Cell 7
Cell 2
Cell7
Cell 10
Cell 5
Neighbour cells
defined only for Cell 6
Two Cells in the
Active Set
Neighbourhood List Combination for Intra-frequency HOs
Cell 2
Cell 5
Cell 7
Cell 9
Cell 11
Cell 15
Cell 48
Cell 4
Cell 41
Cell 6
..
...
Cell 43
Cell 15
Cell 21
Cell 2
Cell 7
Cell 37
Cell 51
Cell 49
Cell 9
Cell 10
Cell 56

...
Cell 25
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
Cell 7
Cell 11
Cell 50
Cell 9
Cell 13
Cell 10
Cell 22

...
Cell 33
Neighbour Cells Lists
Step 1
Three Cells in the
Active Set
Cell2
Cell 7
Cell 9
Common to 3
Neighbour Lists
Step 2
Cell 11
Cell 15
Cell 10
Cell 37
Cell 41
Cell 49
..

Cell 22
Max 32
Cells
Neighbour Cells defined
for only 1 Neighbour List:
random selection
Step 4
Common to 2
Neighbour Lists
Step 3
CS and PS Call Flow
When a UE is switched on, it starts to monitor the radio interface to find a suitable cell to camp on. But
it has to determine, whether there is a WCDMA cell nearby. If a WCDMA cell is available, the UE
has to be synchronised to the downlink transmission of the system information transmitted on the
physical channel P-CCPCH before it can make a decision, in how far the available cell is suitable
to camp on. Initial cell selection is not the only reason, why a UE wants to perform cell
synchronisation. This process is also required for cell re-selection and the handover procedure.

Cell synchronisation is achieved with the Synchronisation Channel (SCH). This channel divides up
into two sub-channels: P-SCH and S-SCH

With the help of the SCH, the UE was capable to perform chip, TS, and frame synchronisation. Even
the cells scrambling code group is known to the UE.

The UE knows the cells primary scrambling code. It now wants to gain the cell system information,
which is transmitted on the physical channel P-CCPCH. The channelisation code of the P-CCPCH
is also known to the UE, because it must be C
ch,256,1
in every cell for every operator. By reading the
cell system information on the P-CCPCH, the UE learns everything about the configuration of the
remaining common physical channels in the cell, such as the physical channels for paging and
random access.

Cell Search
RAB 1
st

then RRC
UE RNC NodeB MGW/CN
RRC: RRC Connection Request (RACH)
NBAP: Radio Link Setup Request
NBAP: Radio Link Setup Response
ALCAP: ERQ (Establish Request)
ALCAP: ECF (Establish Confirm)
RRC: RRC Connection Setup (FACH) [RRCconnRepTimer1/2(100ms,1s)]
L1 Synchronization
NBAP: Synchronization Indication
RRC: RRC Connection Setup Complete (DCH)
RRC: Initial Direct Transfer (MM: CM Service Request)
SCCP: CR (Connection Request)
RANAP: Initial UE Message (MM: CM Service Request)
SCCP: CC (Connection Confirm)
RANAP: Direct Transfer (MM: Authentication Request)
RRC: Downlink Direct Transfer (MM: Authentication Request)
RRC: Uplink Direct Transfer (MM: Authentication Response)
RANAP: Direct Transfer (MM: Authentication Response)
RANAP: Common ID
RANAP: Security Mode Command
RRC: Security Mode Command
FP: Downlink Synch
FP: Uplink Synch
RRC Connection Establishment CELL DCH State
RNC checks if resources are
available: BTS, AC,
Transmission.
If not it sends RRC Connection
Reject
T300=2s ; N300=3
L1 Synchronization
T312=6s ; N312=4
MOS CS Message Flow
RRC Connection
till the RNC
UE RNC NodeB MGW/CN
RRC: Security Mode Complete
RANAP: Security Mode Complete
RRC: Uplink Direct Transfer (CC: Setup)
RANAP: Direct Transfer (CC: Setup)
RANAP: Direct Transfer (CC: Call Confirmed)
RRC: Downlink Direct Transfer (CC: Call Confirmed)
RANAP: RAB Assignment Request
NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Prepare
NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Ready
NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit)
RRC: Radio Bearer Setup
RRC: Radio Bearer Setup Complete
RANAP: RAB Assignment Response
RAB Establishment
FP: Downlink Synch
FP: Uplink Synch
RL modification procedure:
SRB+DCH, HW resources checked
Possible failure in AAL2 setup
(Iub, Iur and Iu)
Soft handover is not allowed during the RAB establishment procedure (The mobile can not add or remove cells in AS) this makes the
UE and Node B particularly sensitive to mobility and dominance Timer wf_rb_setup_cpl (6s) is started when the RRC: Radio Bearer
Setup message is sent to the UE In case the timer expires Iu Release Request is sent to the CN with release cause (radio_conn_lost)
Call Established
UE RNC
NodeB
RANAP: Direct Transfer (CC: Connect)
RRC: Downlink Direct Transfer (CC: Connect)
RRC: Uplink Direct Transfer (CC: Connect Acknowledge)
RANAP: Direct Transfer (CC: Connect Acknowledge)
RRC: Uplink Direct Transfer (CC: RRC Connection Release Complete)
RANAP: Direct Transfer (CC: Release Complete)
RANAP: Iu Release Command
RRC: Uplink Direct Transfer (CC: Disconnect)
RANAP: Direct Transfer (CC: Disconnect)
RANAP: Direct Transfer (CC: Release)
RRC: Downlink Direct Transfer (CC: Release)
RANAP: Iu Release Complete
MGW/CN
RANAP: Location Report
RRC: Measurement Control
Call Disconnect
RRC: Downlink Direct Transfer (CC: RRC Connection Release)
NBAP: Radio Link Deletion Request
NBAP: Radio Link Deletion Response
RANAP: Direct Transfer (CC: Alerting)
RRC: Downlink Direct Transfer (CC: Alerting)
UE
RNC NodeB MGW/CN
RRC: RRC Connection Setup (FACH)
L1 Synchronization
RRC: Initial Direct Transfer (MM: Paging Response)
SCCP: CR (Connection Request)
RANAP: Initial UE Message (MM: Paging Response)
SCCP: CC (Connection Confirm)
RANAP: Direct Transfer (MM: Authentication Request)
RRC: Downlink Direct Transfer (MM: Authentication Request)
RRC: Uplink Direct Transfer (MM: Authentication Response)
RANAP: Direct Transfer (MM: Authentication Response)
RANAP: Common ID
FP: Downlink Synch
FP: Uplink Synch
L1 Synchronization
MTC CS Message Flow
RANAP: Paging
RRC: Paging Type 1
UE RNC NodeB MGW/CN
RRC: Uplink Direct Transfer (CC: Setup)
RANAP: Direct Transfer (CC: Setup)
RANAP: Direct Transfer (CC: Call Confirmed)
RRC: Downlink Direct Transfer (CC: Call Confirmed)
NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit)
RAB Establishment
FP: Downlink Synch
FP: Uplink Synch
Possible failure in AAL2 setup
(Iub, Iur and Iu)
Soft handover is not allowed during the RAB establishment procedure (The mobile can not add or remove cells in AS) this makes the
UE and Node B particularly sensitive to mobility and dominance Timer wf_rb_setup_cpl (6s) is started when the RRC: Radio Bearer
Setup message is sent to the UE In case the timer expires Iu Release Request is sent to the CN with release cause (radio_conn_lost)
Call Established
UE RNC
NodeB
RANAP: Direct Transfer (CC: Connect)
RRC: Downlink Direct Transfer (CC: Connect)
RRC: Uplink Direct Transfer (CC: Connect Acknowledge)
RANAP: Direct Transfer (CC: Connect Acknowledge)
MGW/CN
RANAP: Location Report
RANAP: Direct Transfer (CC: Alerting)
RRC: Downlink Direct Transfer (CC: Alerting)
UE NodeB RNC SGSN
AAL2SIG: ERQ
AAL2SIG: ECF
RRC: Initial Direct Transfer (MM: Attach Request)
RANAP: Initial UE Message MM: (Attach Request)
RANAP: Direct Transfer (MM: GPRS Identity Request)
RRC: Downlink Direct Transfer (MM: GPRS Identity Request)
RRC: Uplink Direct Transfer (MM: GPRS Identity Response)
RANAP: Direct Transfer (MM: GPRS Identity Response)
RANAP: Direct Transfer (MM: Authentication & Ciphering
Request)
RRC: Downlink Direct Transfer (MM: Authentication & Ciphering Request)
RRC: Uplink Direct Transfer (MM: Authentication & Ciphering Response)
RANAP: Direct Transfer (MM: Authentication & Ciphering
Response)
RANAP: Common ID
MOS PS Message Flow
L1 Synchronization
FP: Downlink Synch
FP: Uplink Synch
RRC: RRC Connection Setup (FACH) [RRCconnRepTimer1/2(100ms,1s)]
RNC checks if resources are
available: BTS, AC,
Transmission.
If not it sends RRC Connection
Reject
L1 Synchronization
RANAP: Direct Transfer (MM: Attach Accept)
RRC: Downlink Direct Transfer (MM: Attach Accept)
RRC: Uplink Direct Transfer (MM: Attach Complete)
RANAP: Direct Transfer (MM: Attach Complete)
RRC: Uplink Direct Transfer (SM: Activate PDP Context Request)
RANAP: Direct Transfer
(SM: Activate PDP Context Request)
UE NodeB RNC SGSN
MOS PS Message Flow
NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit
RRC: Radio Bearer Reconfiguration
RRC: Radio Bearer Reconfiguration Complete
(SM: Activate PDP Context Accept)
RRC: Downlink Direct Transfer (SM: Activate PDP Context Accept)
RRC: Measurement Repor (Trafic Volume Reports 4a)
AAL2SIG: ERQ
AAL2SIG: ECF
RAB Establishment
SRB + DCH 0/0
Uplink & Downlink Data Transfer
RRC: Uplink Direct Transfer (SM: Deactivate PDP Context Request)
RANAP: Direct Transfer (SM: Deactivate
PDP Context Request)
(SM: Deactivate PDP Context Accept)
RRC: Downlink Direct Transfer (SM: Deactivate PDP Context Accept)
NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit
AAL2SIG: ERQ
AAL2SIG: ECF
RRC: Radio Bearer Release
RRC: Uplink Direct Transfer (MM: Detach Request) RANAP: Direct Transfer (MM: Detach Request)
RANAP: Direct Transfer (MM: Detach Accept)
RRC: Downlink Direct Transfer (MM: Detach Accept)
UE NodeB RNC SGSN
RANAP: Iu Release Command
RANAP: Iu Release Complete
RRC: Radio Bearer Release Complete
RRC: RRC Connection Release
RRC: RRC Connection Release Complete
NBAP: Radio Link Deletion Request
NBAP: Radio Link Deletion Response
AAL2SIG: REL (Release Request)
AAL2SIG: RCL (Release Confirm)
MOS PS Message Flow
Real
traffic
transfer
Bearer
setup
RRC
setup
9:52:53 : C09 AMR
Soft Handover
121 2006 Nokia
Handover Types
Intra-Frequency Handovers
Softer Handover
Handover between sectors of the same Node B (handled by BTS)
No extra transmissions across Iub interface
Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) is occurring in both the UL and DL
Soft Handover
MS simultaneously connected to multiple cells (from different Node Bs)
Extra transmission across Iub, more channel cards are needed (compared to non-SHO)
Mobile Evaluated Handover (MEHO)
DL/UE: MRC & UL/RNC: Frame selection combining
Hard Handover
Arises when inter-RNC SHO is not possible (Iur not supported or Iur congestion)
Decision procedure is the same as SHO (MEHO and RNC controlled)
Causes temporary disconnection of the (RT) user
Inter-Frequency Handover
Can be intra-BS, intra-RNC, inter-RNC
Network Evaluated Handover (NEHO)
Decision algorithm located in RNC
Inter-RAT Handover
Handovers between GSM and WCDMA (NEHO)
SHO: Neighbour Cell Definition
Each intra-frequency neighbour (ADJS) is identified using ADJ Sid (ADJS)
The ADJS parameters provide information on the identity of each neighbour cell together
with its properties (i.e. Handover parameter set identifier, scrambling code etc..)
Each neighbour cell is defined using the UTRAN cell identifier which comprises
UTRAN Cell Identifier = MCC + MNC + RNC identifier + Cell identifier
Each neighbor cell is defined using the UTRAN cell identifier which comprises;
MCC (Mobile Country Code) = AdjsMCC
MNC (Mobile Network Code) = AdjsMNC
RNC Identifier = AdjsRNCid
Cell Identifier = AdjsCI
The LAC (AdjsLAC) & RAC (AdjsRAC) are also in ADJS parameter set
ADJS Parameters
125 2006 Nokia
Maximum number of neighbours
The maximum number of neighbours that can be defined in RNC
database is
ADJS: 31
31 neighbours + serving cell = 32 cells to measure
ADJI: 32/carrier, total 48
ADJG: 32

Total: max. 111 in RNC database

Limitation due to specifications of SIB11/12 size
127 2006 Nokia
Soft Handover
HC supports the following measurement reporting events and
features:
Event 1A: A primary CPICH enters the reporting range (Ncell addition)
Event 1B: A primary CPICH leaves the reporting range (Ncell deletion)
Event 1C: A non-active CPICH becomes better than an active primary
CPICH (Ncell replacement)
Cell individual offsets for modifying measurement reporting behaviour
Mechanism for forbidding a neighbor ing cell to affect the reporting
range

Handover decision performed by RNC based on measurements and
available resources
Admission Control can reject the branch addition in case the
maximum load is achieved in DL (threshold + offset), valid both for
RT and NRT bitrates.
Hard blocking may prevent branch addition
130 2006 Nokia
1A: A Primary CPICH Enters the Reporting Range
Strongest CPICH in AS
time
E
c
/I
o

P CPICH 3
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
1
2
AdditionWindo
w
AdditionTime
AdditionReportingInterval
RNC
Measurement
Report
Add to
the AS?
no
ActiveSetWeightingCoefficient
3
4
133 2006 Nokia
Strongest CPICH in AS
time
E
c
/I
o

P CPICH 3
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
1
2
3
DropWindow
DropTime
Measurement
Report
1B: A Primary CPICH leaves the Reporting Range
Remove the
reported cell
from the AS
135 2006 Nokia
reportCriteria intraFreqReportingCriteria : {
eventCriteriaList {
{
event e1a : {
triggeringCondition
monitoredSetCellsOnly,
reportingRange 4,
w 0,
reportDeactivationThreshold t2,
reportingAmount ra-Infinity,
reportingInterval ri0-5
},
hysteresis 0,
timeToTrigger ttt100,
reportingCellStatus
allActiveplusMonitoredSet :
viactCellsPlus2
}
event e1b : {
triggeringCondition
activeSetCellsOnly,
reportingRange 6,
w 0
},
hysteresis 0,
reportingCellStatus withinActiveSet :
e3
},
Extract from SIB 11
SIB 11 contains the relevant
parameters to read when in idle mode
These are valid in connected mode
prior to receiving the measurement
control that overwrites them
In this example:
Addition window= 2 dB (factor of 2
mapping between the signalled value and
the actual value, TS 25.331 defines this
mapping)
Addition time = 100 ms
Reporting interval = 500 ms
Drop window = 3 dB (factor of 2 mapping
between the signalled value and the
actual value)
Drop time = 640 ms
Soft and Softer Handover (case1)
137 2006 Nokia
time
weakest CPICH3 in AS
E
c
/I
o

P CPICH 3
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
P CPICH 4
AS has 3 cells
ReplacementReportingInterval
3
1
2
ReplacementWindow
ReplacementTime
Measurement
Report
RNC
AS
update?
no
1C: A non-active CPICH becomes better than an active primary
CPICH
138 2006 Nokia
event e1c : {
replacementActivationThreshold
t3,
reportingAmount ra-Infinity,
reportingInterval ri0-5
},
hysteresis 4,
reportingCellStatus
withinActiveSet : e3
}
Extract from SIB 11 cont.
Soft and Softer Handover (case 2)
In this example:
Replacement window = 1 dB
Replacement time = 100 ms
Reporting interval = 500 ms
Replacement window requires mapping to its true
value according to:
4/(2*2) = 1 dB

There are two mappings first is the signalled value to actual value mapping and
second is the way in which hysteresis is applied in the event triggering equation
(TS25.331)
Once in connected mode the networks sends the same set of information elements
via a measurement control message
Nokias implementation is that the values in the measurement control message are
the same as those within SIB 11
Events 6F and 6G are configured in a similar fashion i.e. within SIB 11 and
subsequently with a measurement control message
140 2006 Nokia
Individual Ncell Offset
time
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
P CPICH 3
Reportin
g Range
Reporting
Event 1B
Reporting
Event 1A
AdjsEcNoOffset
Enlarging Cell 3 by x
dB
E
c
/I
o

141 2006 Nokia
Forbidding Neighbour Cell from Reporting Range
Time
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
P CPICH 3
PCPICH3 is forbidden
to affect the reporting
range as its quality is
quite unstable.
Reporti
ng
Range
AdjsDERR
E
c
/I
o

142 2006 Nokia
Branch addition
RRC: Measurement Report (e1a)
RRC: Active Set Update
RRC: Active Set Update Complete
RRC: Measurement Report (e1b)
RRC: Active Set Update
RRC: Active Set Update Complete
Branch deletion
Soft Handover signalling
143 2006 Nokia
Event 1A
(Add)
Event 1B
(Drop)
Event 1C
(Replace)
Active set cells +
2 monitored set
cells
Monitored set
cells
Addition
Window/4 dB
Active set cells Active set cells
Drop Window/
6 dB

Active set cells +
2 monitored set
cells
-
Replacement
Window/2 dB
Addition Time
/100 ms
Addition
Reporting
Interval
/0.5 s
Drop time
/640 ms
-
Replacement
time/100 ms
Replacement
Reporting
Interval/
0.5s
Event
Reporting cell
status
Triggering
Condition
Reporting Range/
Hysteresis
Time to Trigger
Reporting
Interval
SHO Summary
3GPP reporting events 1A, 1B and 1C (also 6F and 6G)
CPICH Ec/Io is used as a measurement quantity rather than CPICH RSCP
CPICH Ec/Io measurements are more accurate
1A and 1B reporting range is defined by strongest active set cell
1C reporting range is defined by weakest active set cell
144 2006 Nokia
RRC Connection Release
If difference between the best AS cell and the NS cell is too high and SHO is not
performed, the RRC connection is released to avoid excessive interference
Why might an AS update not be possible?
Excessive load in the neighbor ing cell
Hard blocking in the target BTS
Unavailability of DL spreading codes
Iub transport resources unavailable
This function is activated by EnableRRCRelease (HOPS parameter)/0=no (def),1
=yes
The RRC connection is released if either:
AveEcNoDownlink + ReleaseMarginForAveEcNo(n) < AvEcNoNcell(n)
EcNoDownlink + ReleaseMarginPeakEcNo(n) < EcNoNcell(n)
ReleaseMarginForAveEcNo (HOPS) = average E
b
/N
0
margin [-6 6] dB, default 2.5dB
ReleaseMarginPeakEcNo (HOPS) = peak E
b
/N
0
margin [-6 6] dB, default 3.5dB
Emergency calls are exempt from RRC Connection Release process
145 2006 Nokia
Inter-RNC Mobility
Most of the times the UE hands over among WBTS belonging to the same RNC
(Intra-RNC Handovers)
However, what happens when the target WBTS is under a different WBTS??
3GPP gives two different options to handle inter-RNC mobility in WCDMA

Anchoring: the UE will be connected to the CN via the old RNC. It is required Iur
connection between the RNCs involved
SRNS relocation: the UE will be connected to the CN via the new RNC. It is the Nokia
implemented method
*) SRNS relocation needs core network
support; UE support mandatory in 3GPP
CN
RNC RNC
Iu Iu
Iur
CN
RNC RNC
Iu
Iu
Iur
Anchoring
CN
RNC RNC
Iu Iu
Iur
CN
RNC RNC
Iu Iu
Iur
SRNS relocation *)
146 2006 Nokia
UE not involved SRNC Relocation for RT
UE Target RNC
SRNC Relocation Decision

SRNC operation
started
CN
UP switching
User plane set - up
RANAP:Relocation Required
RANAP:Relocation Request
RANAP:Relocation Request Ack
RANAP:Relocation complete
RRC:UTRAN Mobility Information
RANAP:Relocation Command
RNSAP:Relocation Commit

RANAP:Relocation Detect
RRC:UTRAN Mobility Information Confirm
RANAP:Iu Release
RANAP:Iu Release Complete
User plane release
Source RNC
SRNC Relocation is initiated in the Serving RNC
when all the cells of the active set belong to a
different RNC. The SRNC sends a Relocation
Required
The CN evaluates if the relocation is possible and
in that case, it sends a Relocation Request to the
target RNC with parameters for the bearer
establishment
Relocation Command sent from CN to Source
RNC with UTRAN information and bearer
parameters
After that, the Source RNC sends Relocation
Commit message over Iur to the Target RNC
When target RNC starts to act as Serving RNC, it
sends a Relocation Detect message to CN. This
message has no parameters
At the same time UTRAN Mobility Information is
sent to the UE, to inform that the relocation is
performed
After the confirm, the target RNC informs CN
with Relocation Complete message that the
relocation procedure was successful and Iu is
released from source RNC
Start RelocPrep
Stop RelocPrep
Start RelocOverall
Start RelocOverall
Stop RelocOverall
Stop RelocOverall
RelocationSupport =1 NrncRelocationSupport =1
147 2006 Nokia
UE involved: Combined SRNC Relocation and inter-RNC HHO for RT
UE Target RNC
SRNC Relocation Decision

L1 sync. Established
between BTS and
UE

CN
UP switching
User plane set - up
RANAP:Relocation Required
RANAP:Relocation Request
RANAP:Relocation Request Ack
RANAP:Relocation complete
Physical Ch Reconfig Complete
RANAP:Relocation Command
Physical Channel Reconfiguration

RANAP:Relocation Detect
RANAP:Iu Release
RANAP:Iu Release Complete
User plane release
Source RNC

Because there is no Iur interface, combined SRNS
relocation and HHO are done before the UE is
completely under the target RNC
The procedure is quite similar to the not UE
involved case until Relocation Command
The only difference in the Relocation Required
message, the Relocation Type IE is set to "UE
involved in relocation of SRNS"

Instead of Relocation Commit via Iur, the serving
RNC sends a Physical CH Reconfiguration, after
which the UE stops transmitting and receiving on
the old radio links and starts on the new radio link

RelocationSupport =1 NrncRelocationSupport =1
Start RelocPrep
Stop RelocPrep
Start RelocOverall
Stop RelocOverall
Start RelocOverall
Stop RelocOverall
Inter-system Handover (ISHO)
ISHO
Inter System Handover 3G -> 2G
General
Downlink DPCH power
UL Quality
deterioration
UE Tx power CPICH RSCP CPICH Ec/I0
RAN Internal measurements Configured UE measurements
Initiate Compressed Mode
Configure GSM measurements
UE Reports
GSM RSSI measurements
GSM Cell
Meets HO condition ?
Initiate Handover
Initiate Compressed Mode
Configure GSM measurements
PS
CS
UE Reports
GSM BSIC measurements
150 2006 Nokia
Decision Algorithm
UE Tx Power (Event 6A)
Threshold:
GsmUETxPwrThrXX
L3 filter:
GsmUETxPwrFilterCoeff
Hysteresis margin:
GsmUETxPwrTimeHyst
Data rate threshold
HHOMAxAllowedBitrateUL
UL Quality
Timer:
ULQualDetRepThreshold
Data rate threshold

DL DPCH power
Threshold:
GsmDLTxPwrThrXX
Data rate threshold
HHOMAxAllowedBitrateDL
(XX=AMR,CS,NrtPS,RtPS)
CPICH RSCP (Event 1F)
Thresholds:
HHoRscpThreshold
HHoRscpCancel
L3 filter:
HHoRscpFilterCoefficient
Timers:
HHoRscpTimeHysteresis
HHoRscpCancelTime
CPICH Ec/Io (Event 1F)
Thresholds:
HHoEcNoThreshold
HHoEcNoCancel
L3 filter:
Done already for SHO
Timers:
HHoEcNoTimeHysteresis
HHoEcNoCancelTime
AdjgTxPwrMaxTCH
AdjgRxLevMinHO (n)
GsmMeasAveWindow
GsmMeasRepInterval
GsmNcellSearchPeriod
GsmMinMeasInterval
GsmMaxMeasPeriod
Handover Triggering
Handover Execution
2G-to-3G back prevention

GsmMinHoInterval
GSM measurement reporting
ISHO parameters
2 more optional triggers in RAN04:

IMSI based ISHO
Emergency ISHO (EMISHO)
151 2006 Nokia
Measurement Control Parameters: FMCG
Maximum allowed duration of the inter-system measurement is calculated:
GSMMeasRepInterval * GSMMaxMeasPeriod (=0.5*20s) =10s,
This seems to be too long time, because based on field measurements
BSIC and RSSI delays are about 3 seconds, so it makes senses to reduce
the value of this parameter to some value about 3 seconds, otherwise, if the
BSIC or RSSI measurements fail or if the IS-HO execution is not possible to
due low GSM RSSI levels, the network will not deactivate compressed
mode until the timer of 10 seconds has expired. Thus, decreasing the
parameter value will allow the UE/network to initiate a new IS-HO attempt.
Proposed value for GSMMaxMeasPeriod is 6
GSMNcellSearchPeriod: 0
This is neighbor cell search period parameter, ISHO is not allowed until the are
enough measurement reports given by this parameter
O means that only 1 measurement result is enough for decision making
Duration of the cell search period is calculated:
GSMRepInterval * GSMNcellSearchPeriod).

ISHO Process Overview
HO Triggering Thresholds set in RNC
Event Triggered Coverage/Capacity
based HO fulfilled in RNC
RNC commands selected UE(s) to start
IF/IS measurements
Measurements are done in
Compressed Mode (CM)
UE reports GSM cells with
strongest RSSI signals to RNC
RNC makes HO decision and
commands UE to target cell
RSSI measurements and BSIC
verification for GSM cells
Different decision methods for IF HO
Only one decision method for IS HO
5 Coverage/Capacity HO Reasons
About 25 HO parameters
Reporting cells are active set cells
(max 3) + max 6 IFHO, max 6 ISHO neighb.
Max 32 neighbours could be measured
(31 Intra-Freq neighbours)
48 Inter-Freq neighbours
32 Inter-System neighbours can be measured
153 2006 Nokia
BSIC verification always performed for AMR calls no interrupt in voice call
CN U
E
Node
B
RNC
RRC: Measurement Report
RRC: Measurement
Control
NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration
Prepare
Ready
Commit
RRC: Physical Channel
Reconfiguration
RRC: Physical Channel Reconfiguration
Complete
NBAP: Compressed Mode
Command
RRC: Measurement
Control
NBAP: Compressed Mode
Command
RRC: Measurement
Control
RRC: Handover from UTRAN
Command
GSM BSIC
Identification
GSM RSSI
Measurem
ent
ISHO triggering
(2 reasons are
possible)
Initial
Compressed
Mode
Configuration
RANAP: Relocation
Required
RANAP: Relocation
Command
RANAP: IU Release
Command
RANAP: IU Release
Complete
ISHO 3G -> 2G - AMR Signalling Flow
154 2006 Nokia
In most cases BSIC verification is not required (data interrupt as UE moves to
2G)
PS makes use of RRC: CELL CHANGE ORDER FROM UTRAN message
U
E
Node
B
RNC
RRC: Measurement
Control
Prepare
Ready
Commit
Complete
NBAP: Compressed Mode Command
GSM RSSI Measurement
ISHO triggering (5 reasons are
possible)
Initial Compressed
Mode Configuration
CN
RANAP: SRNS Context
Request
RANAP: SRNS Context
Response
RANAP: IU Release
Command
RANAP: IU Release
Complete
RRC: Cell Change Order from
UTRAN
RANAP: SRNS Data Forward
Command
ISHO 3G -> 2G - PS Signalling Flow
3G -> 2G Handover measurement triggering
IS Handover Triggering Reasons
1. DL DPCH approaches its
maximum allowed power
FMCI: IFHOcauseTxPwrDL
FMCG: GSMcauseTxPwrDL
2. Quality deterioration report
from UL outer loop PC
FMCI: IFHOcauseUplinkQuality
FMCG: GSMcauseUplinkQuality
4. UE Tx power approaches its
maximum allowed power, event 6A/6D
FMCI: IFHOcauseTxPwrUL
FMCG: GSMcauseTxPwrUL
5 . Low measured absolute
CPICH RSCP, events 1E/1F
FMCI: IFHOcauseCPICHrscp,
FMCG: GSMcauseCPICHrscp

3. Low measured absolute
CPICH Ec/No, event 1E/1F
FMCI: IFHOcauseCPICHEcNo
FMCG: GSMcauseCPICHEcNo

HO trigger
6 . Others (Not implemented in RAN 1.5):
e.g. Traffic & load reason IS-HO, etc

Frequency Measuring Control for Inter-Frequency = FMCI
Frequency Measuring Control for Inter-System (GSM) = FMCG
Measurement triggering: CPICH Ec/No
Reporting event: 1E: A P-CPICH exceeds an absolute threshold (triggered
if one) 1F: A P-CPICH falls below an absolute threshold
(triggered if all)
e
.
g
.

P
-
C
P
I
C
H

E
c
/
N
o

time
Cell 1 Cell 2
Cell 3
absolute
threshold
1E: HHoEcNoCancel
1E: HHoEcNoCancelTime
1F: HHoEcNoThreshold
1F: HHoEcNoTimeHysteresis
RNC starts IF/IS measurement when event 1F occurs for all cells in the
active set: A Primary CPICH becomes less than an absolute threshold
RNC stops IF/IS measurement when event 1E occurs for at least one cell of
the active set : A Primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute
threshold
Note:IF/IS measurements can be stopped if event 1Fs are cancelled by
events 1E only when IFHO/ISHO was not successful and only inside the
time between CM measurements, specified by the
time InterFreqMinMeasInterval ,GsmMinMeasInterval/default 10s,
recommendation 2s .
Filtering applied before event evaluation in the UE:
FMCS: EcNoFilterCoefficient/0= 200ms filtering period

Event 1E parameters:
Triggering conditions: Active set cells
Hysteresis: not used in 1F
Threshold used frequency: FMCS : HHoEcNoCancel/ -9dB
Time-to-trigger: FMCS: HHoEcNoCancelTime/ 1280 ms
Amount of reporting: infinity
Reporting interval: not applied.
Reporting cell status: max 3 active cells.
Event 1F parameters:
hysteresis: not used in 1F
Threshold used frequency: FMCS : HHoEcNoThreshold / - 12dB (range 0..-24
dB)
Time-to-trigger: FMCS: HHoEcNoTimeHysteresis / 100 ms (range 0..5000ms)

Measurement triggering: CPICH RSCP
Reporting event: 1E: A P-CPICH exceeds an absolute threshold (triggered if one)
1F: A P-CPICH falls below an absolute threshold (triggered if all)
time
Cell 1 Cell 2
Cell 3
absolute
threshold
e
.
g
.

P
-
C
P
I
C
H

R
s
c
p

1E: HHoRscpCancel
1E: HHoRscpCancelTime
1F: HHoRscpThreshold
1F: HHoRscpTimeHysteresis
UE continually monitors pilot channels of BTSs in AS
If RSCP of a Node B falls below threshold, HHoRscpThreshold, UE sends event 1F
report
RNC starts IF/IS measurements when event 1F occurs for all cells in AS
RNC stops IF/IS measurements when event 1E occurs for at least one cell of AS
Note:IF/IS measurements can be stopped if event 1Fs are cancelled by events
1E only when IFHO/ISHO was not successful and only inside the time between
CM measurements, specified by the time InterFreqMinMeasInterval
GsmMinMeasInterval/default 10s, recommendation 2s .
UE filtering applied before event evaluation using HHoRscpFilterCoefficient
(FMCS) /200ms, range 2001600ms
Event 1E (A primary CPICH exceeds an absolute threshold) parameters:
hysteresis: not used in 1E
Threshold used frequency: (FMCS) : HHoRscpCancel/ - 90 dBm
Time-to-trigger: (FMCS): HHoRscpCancelTime/ 1280 ms

Event 1F (A primary CPICH falls below an absolute threshold) parameters:
Hysteresis: not used in 1F
Threshold used frequency: HHoRscpThreshold (FMCS)/ - 93 dBm
Time-to-trigger: HHoRscpTimeHysteresis (FMCS)/ 100 ms
3G -> 2G Measurements
Decision Algorithm
UE Tx Power (Event 6A)
Threshold:
GsmUETxPwrThrXX
L3 filter:
GsmUETxPwrFilterCoeff
Hysteresis margin:
GsmUETxPwrTimeHyst
Data rate threshold

UL Quality
Timer:
ULQualDetRepThreshold
Data rate threshold

HHOMAxAllowedBitrateU
L

DL DPCH power
Threshold:
GsmDLTxPwrThrXX
Data rate threshold

HHOMAxAllowedBitrateD
L
(XX=AMR,CS,NrtPS,RtPS)
CPICH RSCP (Event 1F)
Thresholds:
HHoRscpThreshold
HHoRscpCancel
L3 filter:
HHoRscpFilterCoefficient
Timers:
HHoRscpTimeHysteresis
HHoRscpCancelTime
CPICH Ec/Io (Event 1F)
Thresholds:
HHoEcNoThreshold
HHoEcNoCancel
L3 filter:
Done already for SHO
Timers:
HHoEcNoTimeHysteresis
HHoEcNoCancelTime
AdjgTxPwrMaxTCH
AdjgRxLevMinHO (n)
GsmMeasAveWindow
GsmMeasRepInterval
GsmNcellSearchPeriod
GsmMinMeasInterval
GsmMaxMeasPeriod
Handover Triggering
Handover Execution
2G-to-3G back prevention

GsmMinHoInterval
GSM measurement reporting
ISHO parameters
ISHO measurements
After HO triggering message is sent to RNC, a RRC message Measurement Control
is sent to UE containing details of the measurement that the UE must execute.
Measurement reporting is periodical. Max 6 GSM cells could be measured by UE and
reported to RNC. No filtering in measurements by UE

Upon reception of the measurements reported by the UE, RNC applies a sliding
averaging window to the RXLEV measurements. The averaged levels are used as
input to the IS-HO decision algorithm.
RNC
RRC: Measurement control message
(GSM RSSI measurements)
UE
The first measurement report
has info from the best GSM cell:
BCCH freq & RSSI, no filtering
used in UE
RNC
RXLEV measurements are reported through
Measurement report messages
UE
RRC: Measurement report
RRC: Measurement report
GsmMeasRepInterval
(default 0.5s)
GSMMeasRepInterval: 0.5 seconds
This is the interval between measurement reports, which are sent to
BTS
This parameter should be kept to 0.5 seconds. Increasing the
reporting interval would increase the IS-HO process delay.
GSMMinMeasInterval: 2 s
This is Minimum Measurement Interval, wait time when the following
CM starts. In case of an unsuccessful IS-HO attempt, the network
will deactivate compressed mode for a time period given by this
parameter, thus better value will be 2 s to speed up the reactivation
of CM.
GSMMeasAveWindow: 6 reports
This is Measurement Averaging Window size, sliding window is used
GSMMaxMeasPeriod: 12 reports
This is Maximum Measurement Period which determines the
maximum allowed duration of the inter-system measurement
If the RNC is not able to execute an inter-system handover, it shall
stop the inter-system measurements after the UE has sent the
predefined number of measurement reports to the RNC.
Maximum allowed duration of the inter-system measurement is calculated:
GSMMeasRepInterval * GSMMaxMeasPeriod (=0.5*12) =6s,
This seems to be too long time, because based on field measurements
BSIC and RSSI delays are about 3 seconds, so it makes senses to reduce
the value of this parameter to some value about 3 seconds, otherwise, if the
BSIC or RSSI measurements fail or if the IS-HO execution is not possible to
due low GSM RSSI levels, the network will not deactivate compressed
mode until the timer of 10 seconds has expired. Thus, decreasing the
parameter value will allow the UE/network to initiate a new IS-HO attempt.
Proposed value for GSMMaxMeasPeriod is 6

GSMNcellSearchPeriod: 0
This is neighbour cell search period parameter, ISHO is not allowed
until the are enough measurement reports given by this parameter
O means that only 1 measurement result is enough for decision making
Duration of the cell search period is calculated:
GSMRepInterval * GSMNcellSearchPeriod).

ISHO: BSIC Verification
After the selection of the target GSM cell, the RNC sends to UE the RRC message
"Measurement control which includes details to measure BSIC .
UE stops RSSI measurements and updates the transmission gap pattern to the
pattern used for BSIC decoding. The measurement reports are sent periodically to
RNC.
If the UE is unable to decode the BSIC during the given period, the BSIC
measurement operation is aborted.

RNC
RRC: Measurement control message
(BSIC decoding)
WCDM
A
IS-HO trigger Target Cell found
IS-HO
command
RSSI meas. BSIC verification

Numbers of GSM cells in
the
neighbour cell list
Reporting interval
Sliding averaging window
Transmission gap pattern
for
RSSI measurements
T
BSIC
depends on :

Transmission gap pattern for
BSIC decoding

T
RSSI
depends on
3G -> 2G Handover decision
On this page, you find conditions, which have to be satisfied, before an inter-frequency
handover can be conducted. The best neighbouring cell must fulfil following criterion (best
according to Ec/No):

AVE_RXLEV_NCell(n) > GSMncellRxLevMinHO(n) + max(0, GSMncellTxPwrMaxTCH(n) -
P_max)

where
AVE_RXLEV _Ncell(n) is the averaged GSM carrier RSSI value of the GSM neighbour
cell(n), averaging done directly from dBm values (no linear averaging);
GSMMeasAveWindow / 6, 132 meas report.
GSMncellRxLevMinHO(n) determines the minimum Required RSSI (dBm) level of the
neighbour cell(n). ( -95 dBm)
GSMncellTxPwrMaxTCH(n) indicated the maximum Tx power level (dBm) an UE may use
in GSM neighbour cell(n).
P_MAX is the maximum UE power capability.

If several GSM cells fulfils the equation above, cells are ranked based on HOPG:
GSMncellPriorityCoverage/0, range 07
A cell is ranked higher than another cell if it has a higher priority level even
though its signal strength condition was worse
Inter-system HO could be forbidden during the first measurements reports from the UE, to
let the UE report all the candidate inter-system cells in its neighbourhood.
FMCG FMCGNcellSearchPeriod / 0

Inter-RAT HO Decision
AdjgRxLevMinHO(n)
max(0, AdjgTxPwrMaxTCH(n) - P_max)

AVE_RXLEV_NCell(n) > AdjgRxLevMinHO(n) + max(0, AdjgTxPwrMaxTCH(n) - P_max)
GSM cell
ISHO Decision
3G -> 2G Handover signalling
ISHO IS TRIGGERED
EVENT 1F
-(48-32)/2 = -8 dB -8.5 EcNo < -8
-115 + 11 = -104 dBm -105 Rscp < -104
ISHO analysis with Nemo
Tstart = 17:22:41.7
Tstop = 17:22:53.7
MW = 12 s
Compressed mode
started
Compressed mode
stopped
GsmMaxMeasPeriod x GsmMeasRepInterval +4 x GsmMeasRepInterval = 20 x 0.5+ 4x0.5=12 s
RxLev = -110 + 4 = -106 dBm
4
AdjgRxLevMinHO = -95 dBm
POOR GSM
COVERAGE

No suitable cell
AMR Handover procedure overview (1)
RRC connection setup
ISUP signalling
Parameters for HO event
trigger
e1e, e1f, e6a,e6b
ISUP signalling
Mobility management;
several AS cell add & cell drops
Compressed Mode
Parameters
Measurement report to
trigger CM
Mobility management;
several AS cell add & cell drops
RNC sends updated GSM
NB list
UE sends inter RAT meas.
Results RNC commands UE to verify
BSIC of
best reported cell
Target cell BSIC verified
RNC triggers HO to GSM target
cell
Timing advance information
UE ends HHO - procedure
UE is handed over to GSM
2G signalling
Physical Channel reconfiguration
RRC: Physical Channel reconfiguration
Measurement Control new RAT NB list
[..]
new inter RAT NB list
Measurement info
UE Measurement Report GSM cells-RSSI measurements
measured best cell by ARFCN
measured 2
nd
best cell by ARFCN
measured 3rd best cell by ARFCN
measured 4th best cell by ARFCN
Measurement Control carrying target cell info
UE shall stop measuring RSSI of RAT NB list
and focus on best cells BSIC verification
UE Measurement Report target GSM cell-BSIC verification
UE reports verified BSIC of best cell to RNC
Handover from UTRAN command
RRC: HO from UTRAN command
Handover command GSM signalling
L3: Handover command
2G cell information (RF&configuration)
2G cell information (Security)
2G cell information (PC)
Cell Selection and
Reselection
2G <-> 3G inter working
Idle mode Connected mode
2G -> 3G reselection
2G -> 3G handover CS AMR
2G -> 3G handover PS
3G -> 2G handover CS AMR
3G -> 2G handover PS
Cell Reselection
Cell Selection S-Ccriteria
The cell selection criteria S
are defined as follows:
The cell selection criterion S
for a suitable cell is fulfilled
when:
Where:
Squal = Q
qualmeas
Qqualmin
Srxlev = Q
rxlevmeas
- Qrxlevmin - Pcompensation
Squal > 0
Srxlev > 0
Squal Cell Selection quality value, (dB).
Not applicable for TDD cells or GSM cells
Srxlev Cell Selection RX level value (dB)
Qqualmeas Measured cell quality value. The quality of the
received signal expressed in CPICH Ec/N0 (dB) for
FDD cells. Not applicable for TDD cells or GSM cells.
Qrxlevmeas Measured cell RX level value. This is received signal,
CPICH RSCP for FDD cells (dBm), P-CCPCH RSCP
for TDD cells (dBm) and RXLEV for GSM cells (dBm).
Qqualmin Minimum required quality level in the cell (dB).
Not applicable for TDD cells or GSM cells.
Qrxlevmin Minimum required RX level in the cell. (dBm)
Pcompensation max(UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH P_MAX, 0) (dB)
UE_TXPWR_
MAX_RACH
Maximum TX power level an UE may use when
accessing the cell on RACH (read in system information), (dBm)
P_MAX Maximum RF output power of the UE, (dBm)
-18dB
-115dBm
-115dBm
-101dBm
intra
GSM
TS 25.304 5.2.3.1.2
If system info in the cell indicates that HCS is not used (UseOfHCS) then for intra-
freq, inter-freq and inter-system the UE shall:
If Squal > S
intrasearch
, UE need not perform intra-frequency measurements.
If Squal <= S
intrasearch,
perform intra-frequency measurements.

If Squal > S
intersearch
, UE need not perform inter-frequency measurements
If Squal <= S
intersearch
, perform inter-frequency measurements.

If Squal > Ssearch
RAT m
, UE need not perform measurements on cells of RAT
"m".
If Squal <= Ssearch
RAT m
, perform measurements on cells of RAT "m".

Cell Reselection
S
intrasearch
S
intersearch
Ssearch
RAT
WCDMA
CELL
1 2 3 4

S
intrasearch = 4 dB: Equate to 16dB Ec/No
S
intersearch = 2 dB: Equate to 18dB Ec/No
Ssearch
RAT m
, = 0dB:
Equate to 20dB Ec/No

Region

Condition

Neighbour cells to be measured ONLY TRIGGER FOR
MEASURE

1

Squal > S
intrasearch

None

2

S
intersearch
< Squal S
intrasearch

Intra-frequency cells

3

Ssearch
RATm
< Squal
S
intersearch

Intra- and inter-frequency cells

4

Squal Ssearch
RATm

Intra-, inter-frequency and inter-RAT cells

Cell Reselection
The following cell re-selection criteria is used for intra-freq, inter-freq & inter-RAT:

R
s
= Q
meas
,
s
+ Qhyst
s(COMAPRED WITH SELF)

R
n
= Q
meas
,
n
Qoffset
n(COMPARED WITH ADJACENT CELLS)

Q
meas

Quality value. The quality value of the received signal expressed in
CPICH_Ec/No or CPICH_RSCP_LEV for FDD cells as set by the
Cell_selection_and_reselection_quality_measure information element, P-
CCPCH_RSCP_LEV for TDD cells and RXLEV for GSM cells.
Where:
Q
hyst1

This specifies the hysteresis for serving cell that is of different radio access
modes or technologies AND for serving FDD cell when cell_selection_and
reselection-quality_measure is set CPICH RSCP..
Q
offset1

This specifies the offset between the two cells when the neighbour cells that
are of different radio access modes or technologies AND for neighbour FDD
cells when cell_selection_and reselection-quality_measure is set CPICH
RSCP
Q
hyst2

This specifies the hysteresis for serving FDD cell when the
cell_selection_and reselection-quality_measure is set CPICH Ec/No.
Q
offset2

This specifies the offset between the two cells when neighbour FDD cells
when the cell_selection_and reselection-quality_measure is set CPICH
Ec/No.
Cell Reselection
Cell Reselection 3G -> 2G
First ranking of all the cells based on
CPICH RSCP (WCDMA) and RSSI (GSM)

Rs = CPICH RSCP + Qhyst1
Rn= Rxlev(n) - Qoffset1
Rn (GSM) > Rs (WCDMA)
And
Rxlev (GSM) >QrxlevMin
Yes
No
Cell re-selection
to GSM
Neighbour WCDMA or GSM
cell calculation with offset
parameter
Serving WCDMA cell
calculation, with
hysteresis parameter
UE starts GSM measurements if
CPICH Ec/No < qQualMin + sSearchRAT
SintraSearch
SinterSearch
SsearchRAT
CPICH EcNo
qQualMin
Second ranking only for WCDMA
cells based on CPICH Ec/No

Rs = CPICH Ec/No + Qhyst2
Rn=CPICH_Ec/No(n)-Qoffset2
Cell re-selection to
WCDMA cell of highest
R value
Concept
S-Criteria OK
Cells with
Highest HCS
Priorities &
H > 0

Best
R
Serving + measured
neighboring cells
S-Criteria OK
Best
R
Serving + measured
neighboring cells

Cells with
Lower HCS
Priority than
in Serving cell

Best
R
Fast MS
If No Cell
with H>0
accept all
neighbors
HCS in use: HCS not in use:
Cell Reselection
Neighbour measurements summary
S
intrasearch

S
intersearch Ssearch
RAT m
No need to
measure
neighbour cells
Intra-
frequency
Sx=Squal= Ec/No
Intra-frequency
Inter-freqency
Inter-RAT
Higher HCS priority
Intra-frequency
Inter-frequency
Intra-frequency
Inter-frequency
HCS not used
HCS used
S
limitsearchRAT m
Intra-frequency
Inter-frequency
Intra-frequency
Inter-freqency
Inter-RAT
Intra-
frequency
Inter-
frequency
Higher HCS
priority inter
RAT
There is no timer defined how long the GSM should be fulfilling the re-selection
criteria
However there is running average of 4 GSM measurements which provides some
protection against ping pong (time vice based on DRX cycle length and as sliding
window average)
In case additional protection is needed it can be arranged by using the Qhyst1
parameter (for WCDMA serving cell RSCP) or AdjgQoffset1 (for GSM neighbouring
cell RxLev)
Performance
First ranking of all the cells based on
CPICH RSCP (WCDMA) and RSSI (GSM)

Rs = CPICH RSCP + Qhyst1
Rn= Rxlev(n) - Qoffset1
When to trigger the cell reselection to 2G depends greatly on:
how much the 3G network is requested to be utilised
target is to maximise the utilisation of WCDMA network but
what is the desired CSSR
at the same time maximise the quality
minimise the possibility of ping pong
Due to very different fading conditions, there should be couple of
different parameter sets for 3G -> 2G reselection
Outdoor, typical outdoor to dedicated indoor (in case of missing
3G indoor)
3G border
Special indoor cases without dedicated 3G where the UE speed
is high (e.g. tunnels)
Parameter Tuning
General
ISHO
Parameter Tuning
Outdoor
As long as the Ec/No is >-
12-14dB the CSSR is
excellent
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
> -4 -4 to -
6
-6 to -
8
-8 to -
10
-10 to
-12
-12 to
-14
-14 to
-16
-16 to
-18
-18 to
-21
<-21
Ec/No [dB]
[
%
]

Call Setup status statistics for each Ec/No range
qQualMin + sSearchRAT ~ -14dB
WCDMA intra frequency
search should be started
latest at ~ qQualMin +
sSearchIntra = -8 -10dB
Cell Reselection Algorithm from GSM to FDD-WCDMA (cs)
GSM MS starts WCDMA measurements if :
RLA_C< F(Qsearch_I) for 0<Qsearch_I<=7
or
RLA_C> F(Qsearch_I) for 7<Qsearch_I<=15
If, for suitable UMTS cell
& for a period of 5 s:
CPICH RSCP > RLA_C + FDD_Qoffset
CPICH Ec/No FDD_Qmin
no priorities
between
WCDMA
neighbours
Measurement Updates:
RLA_C value of the serving cell
+ least 6 strongest non serving GSM cells
at least every 5 s
check
and
WCDMA cell
reselection
Fdd_Qoffset:
select allways
(value is -infinity)

FDD_Qmin= -13
dB
In GSM the UE is usually set to measure the
3G neighbours all the time I.e. Qsearch_I
and Qsearch_P are both set to 7
UE starts WCDMA measurements if Rxlev
running average (RLA_C) is below or above
certain threshold:
RLA_C Qsearch_I and Qsearch_P (GPRS)
Cell Reselection Algorithm from GSM to FDD-WCDMA (cs)
Cell Reselection Parameters
Qsearch_I and Qsearch_P define thresholds. The threshold value also indicates,
when the measurements have to be initiated and performed. The measurements
are either started, when the serving cells RLA is below or above the threshold
value. The default value is 15.
FDD_Qoffset and FDD_GPRS_Offset define offset values, which have to be added
to the RLA of the serving and non-serving GSM cells. The result is compared with
the RSCP value of the WCDMA cell. The default parameter is 0.
FDD_Qmin defines a minimum CPICH Ec/No threshold for WCDMA cell for cell re-
selection.
FDD_REP_QUANT defines the reporting quantity for UTRAN cell (1=Ec/No or
0=RSCP, default: 1).
3G_Search_PRIO is used to inidicate to the MS if 3G cells can be looked for when
BSIC decoding is required. (0=no, 1=yes, default: 1)

The 3G Cell Reselection list is only used by multi-RAT MSs. The system information
SI2quater and SI2ter can be used to provide 3G cell information. If the two system
information messages carry 3G cell information, than their lists have to be
combined in the UEs 3G Cell Reselection list, which may then hold up to 96 UMTS
cells. Up to 8 carrier frequency bands can be stored in this list, too.

Cell Reselection Algorithm
Algorithm for cell re-selection from GSM (GPRS) to the FDD mode in UTRAN
Pre-requisite for cell re-selection to UMTS is, that UTRAN carrier bands are included
in the (GPRS) 3G Cell Reselection list. If so, the MS must update
RLA_C (RLA_P) value for the serving cell and
at least 6 strongest non serving GSM cells
at least every 5 seconds. Thereafter, the MS can re-select a suitable UTRAN cell,
based on the S-Criterion. If an FDD cell is suitable, following two conditions must
have been met:
For a period of 5 seconds, the measured RSCP value must exceed the PLA_C
(RLA_P) of the serving GSM and of all non-serving GSM cells by the value
FDD_Qoffset (FDD_GPRS_Qoffset). Did a cell re-selection occur within the
previous 15 seconds, the FDD_Qoffset value is increased by 5 dB.
The measured Ec/No value of the FDD cell must be greater or equal than the
broadcasted value FDD_Qmin.
If the UE as performed a cell re-selection to UTRAN within the previous 5 seconds,
a cell re-selection back to UTRAN is not allowed, when a suitable cell can be found
within GSM.
Cell Re-selection Parameters
Range of FDD_Qmin
Recommended value is 7 (-13 dBm)

FDD_REP_QUANT defines the reporting quantity for UTRAN cell (1=Ec/No or
0=RSCP, default 1)
3G_Search_PRIO parameter allows to extend the BSIC reporting interval from 10 s to
13s by checking the BSICs from non-serving BCCH carriers and also make WCDMA
measurements as often as possible. Range is 0=no, 1=yes, default value 1
Defined in the SI2quater and PSI3quater if PBCCH is allocated.

Parameter

Name for
Sys Info (SI)

Qsearch_I
2quater
Qsearch_P Qsearch_P
2quater 3quater
FDD_QMin
2ter
FDD_(GPRS)
Qoffset
2quater
FDD_REP_
QUANT
2ter
0
-20
1 2
-19 -18
3
-17
4
-16
5
-15
6 7
-14 -13
Range
dBm
3G_search_
PRIO
2(3)quarter
(PBCCH)
Fdd_Qmin mapping
Aif parameter 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Fdd_Qmin (old) [dB] -20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13
Fdd_Qmin (new) [dB] -20 -6 -18 -8 -16 -10 -14 -12
old
New mapping from 05.08 [late 2003]:
UEs have to support new parameter range !
In case the reselection is wanted to happen
immediately when the 3G is good enough just
based on CPICH Ec/No value (RSCP threshold is
not used i.e. reselection is done RSCP > Rxlev
infinity)
FDD_Qoffset
(FDD_Cell_Reselect_Offse
t )
Mapped
to:
Comment:
0 -
Always select irrespective of RSCP
value
1 -28dB
Reselect in case WCDAM RSCP > GSM
RXLev (RLA_C) 28dB
2 -24dB

14 24dB
15 28dB
Reselect in case WCDAM RSCP > GSM
RXLev (RLA_C) +28dB
UE can select WCDMA cell if the level of
the serving GSM and non-serving GSM cells
has been exceeded by certain offset
for a period of 5 s: CPICH RSCP >
RLA_C + FDD_Cell_Reselect_Offset
Cell Re-selection Parameters
As a general rule the value for FDD_Qmin parameter can be set to
11-12 dB (i.e. for the case where the QqualMin +Ssearch_RAT = -
14dB)
How to avoid ping-pong ?
UE will re-select WCDMA cell in case it's
quality is acceptable:
CPICH Ec/No Minimum_FDD_Threshold
The rule to set the
FDD_Qmin value has not
been possible to be
fulfilled until the
specification change (05.08
v8.18.0, 2003-8) has been
implemented to the UEs
as below
QqualMin = -18dB
QqualMin + Ssearch_RAT
= -14dB
FDD_Qmin >=-12
Camping in 3G Camping in 2G Camping in 3G
CPICH Ec/No
t
FDD_Qmin >= QqualMin + Ssearch_RAT
Fdd_Qmin mapping
Aif parameter 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Fdd_Qmin (old) [dB] -20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13
Fdd_Qmin (new) [dB] -20 -6 -18 -8 -16 -10 -14 -12
GSM BCCH 2Quater / 2Ter
Cell Re-selection Example
Non GPRS case
t
Serving GSM Cell
Neighbour WCDMA Cell
Ec/No
RSCP/
RLA_C
5 sec.

Cell re-selection to WCDMA
FDD_Qmin=0
(-20 dB)
FDD_Qoffset =6 (-8 dB)
Qsearch_I=0
(-98 dBm)
RLA_C
Measurements starts (serving cell)
Minimum Quality Requirement for WCDMA
Ec/N0
RSCP
Cell Re-selection Example
GPRS case
t
Serving GSM Cell (Best)
Neighbour WCDMA Cell
Ec/No
RSCP/
RLA_C
5 sec.

Cell re-selection to WCDMA
FDD_Qmin
=-20 dB
FDD_GPRS_Qoffset =10 (8 dB)
Qsearch_P=0
(-98 dBm)
RLA_P
Measurements starts (serving cell)
Minimum Quality Requirement for WCDMA
Ec/N0
RSCP

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