Chapter 5 Multiple integrals; applications of integration

Mathematical methods in the physical sciences 3rd edition Mary L. Boas

- Use for integration : finding areas, volume, mass, moment of inertia, and so
on.

- Computers and integral tables are very useful in evaluating integrals.
1) To use these tools efficiently, we need to understand the notation and
meaning of integrals.
2) A computer gives you an answer for a definite integral.
1. Introduction
} }
=
b
a
b
a
dx x f ydx ) (
AREA under the curve
}} }}
=
A A
dxdy y x f dA y x f ) , ( ) , (
VOLUME under the surface
double integral
2. Double and triple integrals
Example 1.
- Iterated integrals
( )
}} }} }}
+ = = =
A A A
dxdy y dxdy z dA z V ) 1 ( ) (
}} }} }}
+ = + = =
A A A
dydx y dxdy y dxdy z V ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
2
2 2
0
2
2 2
0
2 2
0
2 6 4 )
2
( ) 1 ( x x
y
y dy y zdy
x
x
y
x
y
+ = + = + =

=
} }
} } } }}
= =

=
= + =
(
(

=
1
0
2
1
0
2 2
0
3
5
) 2 6 4 (
x x
x
y A
dx x x dx zdy zdydx
| |
}
} } } }}
=
=

=
= + =
+ =
(
(

+ =
2
0
2
0
2 / 1
0
2
0
2 / 1
0
3
5
) 2 / 1 )( 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
y
y
y
y
y
x A
dy y y
dy y x dy dx y zdxdy
(a)
(b)
Integration sequence does not matter.
1 2 = + y x
- Integrate with respect to y first,
}} } }
= = (
(

=
A
b
a x
x y
x y y
dx dy y x f dxdy y x f
) (
) (
2
1
) , ( ) , (
- Integrate with respect to x first,
}} } }
= = (
(

=
A
d
c y
y x
y x x
dy dx y x f dxdy y x f
) (
) (
2
1
) , ( ) , (
- Integrate in either order,
dy dx y x f dx dy y x f dxdy y x f
d
c y
y x
y x x A
b
a x
x y
x y y
} } }} } }
= = = = (
(

=
(
(

=
) (
) (
) (
) (
2
1
2
1
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
- In case of ), ( ) ( ) , ( y h x g y x f =
}} } } } }
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
A
b
a x
d
c
b
a
d
c y
dy y h dx x g dydx y h x g dxdy y x f ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , (
Example 2. mass=?
density
f(x,y)=xy
(0,0)
(2,1)
xydxdy dxdy y x f dM = = ) , (
1
1
0
2
0
2
0
1
0
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
} } } } }}
= = = = y x x y A
ydy xdx xydxdy dM M
- Triple integral f(x,y,z) over a volume V,
}}} }}}
=
V V
dxdydz z y x f dV z y x f ) , , ( ) , , (
Example 3. Find V in ex. 1 by using a triple integral,
} } }}} } } }
=

= =

=
+
=
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
0
2 2
0
1
0
2 2
0
1
0
) 1 (
x
x
y V x
x
y
y
z
dydx y dydx dz dxdydz
Example 4. Find mass in ex. 1 if density =x+z,
dxdydz z x dM ) ( + =
| |
2 } 1 ) 2 3 {( 6 / 1 } 1 ) 2 3 {(
2
2 / ) 1 ( ) 1 (
)
2
(
) (
1
0
3 2
1
0
2 2
0
2
1
0
2 2
0
1
0
2
1
0
2 2
0
1
0
=
(

+ =
+ + + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
}
} }
} }
} } } }}}
=
=

=
=

=
+
=
=

=
+
=
dx x x
x
dydx y y x
dydx
z
xz
dydx dz z x dM M
x
x
x
y
x
x
y
y
z
x
x
y
y
z V
3. Application of integration; single and multiple integrals

Example 1. y=x^2 from x=0 to x=1
(a) area under the curve
(b) mass, if density is xy
(c) arc length
(d) centroid of the area
(e) centroid of the arc
(f) moments of the inertia
(a) area under the curve
3
1
3
1
0
3
1
0
2
1
0
= = = =
} }
= =
x
dx x ydx A
x x
(b) mass, if density of xy
} } } } } }}
= = = = =
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
1
0
5
0
1
0
1
0 0
12
1
2
2 2
x
x
y x x
x
y A
dx
x
ydy xdx xydxdy dM M
2
x y =
0 1
(c) arc length of the curve
dy dy dx dx dx dy dy dx ds
dy dx ds
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
) / ( 1 ) / ( 1 + = + = + =
+ =
ds
dx
dy
(d) centroid of the area (or arc)
dx x ds x
dx
dy
2
4 1 , 2 + = =
4
) 5 2 ln( 5 2
4 1
1
0
2
+ +
= + = =
} }
dx x ds s
cf. centroid : constant
}
}
} }
= =
dA
xdA
x xdA dA x ,
( ) , ,
} } } } } }
= = = zdA dA z ydA dA y xdA dA x
2
x y =
10
3
10
1
10
or ,
4
3
4
1
4
or ,
1
0
5
1
0 0
1
0 0
1
0
4
1
0 0
1
0 0
2 2
2 2
= = = = =
= = = = =
} } } } }}
} } } } }}
= = = =
= = = =
y
x
A y ydydx dydx y dA y
x
x
A x xdydx dydx x dA x
x
x
y x
x
y
x
x
y x
x
y
In our example,
mass of centroid :
} }
= xdM dM x
arc of centroid :
} }
= ds x ds x
(e)
If is constant,
} } } }
} } }
+ = + = + =
+ = + =
1
0
2 2
1
0
2
1
0
2
1
0
2
1
0
2
4 1 4 1 4 1
4 1 4 1
dx x x dx x y dx x y ds y
dx x x dx x x ds x
(f) moments of the inertia
dxdydz r dM dM l I ) ( for ,
2
= =
}
} }
} }
} }
+ = + =
+ = + =
+ = + =
dxdydz y x dM y x I
dxdydz x z dM x z I
dxdydz z y dM z y I
z
y
x

) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
80
7
) (
,
16
1
2
) (
,
40
1
4
) (
1
0 0
2 2
1
0
1
0
7
0
2
1
0 0
2 2
1
0
1
0
9
0
2
1
0 0
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
} }
} } } } }
} } } } }
= =
= = = =
= = = =
= + = + =
= = = + =
= = = + =
x
y x
x
y
z
x
x
y x
x
y
y
x
x
y x
x
y
x
I I xydydx y x I
dx
x
xydydx x xydydx x z I
dx
x
xydydx y xydydx z y I
In our example, (=xy)
y x z
I I I cf + = .
EX. 2 Rotate the area of Ex. 1 (y=x^2) about x-axis
(a) volume
(b) moment of inertia about x axis
(c) area of curved surface
(d) centroid of the curved volume
(a) volume
5
1
0
4
1
0
2
t
t t = = =
} }
dx x dx y V
(i)
(ii)
2 2
2 4 2 4
to
x z x
z x y z x y
dxdydz V
s s
+ = =
=
}}}
} } }
= =
+ =
=
=
1
0
2
2
2 4
2 4
x
x
x z
z x y
z x y
dydzdx V
(b) I_x (=const.)
M dydzdx z y dV z y I
x
x z
x z
z x y
z x y
x
18
5
18
) ( ) (
1
0
2 2 2 2
2
2
2 4
2 4
= = + = + =
} } } }}}
=
=
=
+ =
=

t

(c) area of curved surface
yds dA t 2 =
} }
= =
+ = =
1
0
2 2
1
0
4 1 2 2
x x
dx x x yds A t t
(d) centroid of surface
} }
=
= =
1
0
2
x
yds x xdA A x t
Chapter 5 Multiple integrals: applications of integration
Mathematical methods in the physical sciences 3rd edition Mary L. Boas
4. Change of variables in integrals: Jacobians ( ; Jacobian)
In many applied problems, it is more convenient to use other coordinate
systems instead of the rectangular coordinates we have been using.
u
u
sin
cos
r y
r x
=
=
- polar coordinate:
dxdy dA=
1) Area
u u rdrd rd dr = =
2) Curve
2 2 2
dy dx ds + =
2 2
) ( u rd dr + =
dr
dr
d
r d r
d
dr
ds
2 2 2 2
) ( 1 ) (
u
u
u
+ = + =
Example 1 r=a, density
(a) centroid of the semicircular area
0 . = y cf
A d
A xd
x
}
}
=
2
0 0
2 /
2 /
2
a rdr rdrd
dxdy dA
a
r
a
r
t
t u
t
t u
= = =
=
} } }
} }
= = =
3
2
2 cos ) )( cos (
3
0
2
0
2 /
2 /
2
0
2 /
2 /
a
dr r drd r rdrd r xdA
a
r
a
r
a
r
= = = =
} } } } } }
= = = = =
u u u u
t
t u
t
t u
t
t
3
4
2
2
2
3 2
a
x
a a
x xdA dA x = = =
} }
(b) moment of inertia about the y-axis
8
cos
) (
4
0
2 2
2 /
2 /
2 2 2 2 2 2
a
rdrd r
rdrd x dxdy x dxdydz x dM x dM z x I
a
r
y
t
u u
u
t
t u
= =
= = = = + =
} }
} } } } }
= =
,
2
2
0
2 /
2 /
a
rdrd rdrd M
a
r
t
u u
t
t u
= = =
} } }
= =
4 8
2
2 4
2
Ma a
a
M
I
y
= =
t
t
- Cylindrical coordinate
- Spherical coordinate
2 2 2 2 2
sin
cos
dz d r dr ds
dz rdrd dV
z z
r y
r x
+ + =
=
=
=
=
u
u
u
u
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
sin
sin
cos
sin sin
cos sin
| u u
| u u
u
| u
| u
d r d r dr ds
d drd r dV
r z
r y
r x
+ + =
=
=
=
=
Jacobians (Using the partial differentiation)
t
y
s
y
t
x
s
x
t s
y x
t s
y x
J J
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
= |
.
|

\
|
=
) , (
) , (
,
,
dsdt J dA dxdy = =
r
r
r
y
r
y
x
r
x
r
y x
=

=
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
u u
u u
u
u
u cos sin
sin cos
) , (
) , (
u rdrd dxdy =
t
w
s
w
r
w
t
v
s
v
r
v
t
u
s
u
r
u
t s r
w v u
J
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
=
) , , (
) , , (
}}} }}}
drdsdt J t s r f dudvdw w v u f ) , , ( ) , , (
** Prove that
| u u d drd r dV sin
2
=
y
x
z
r=h
h
Example 2. ? and ? = =
z
I z
3 2
2
3
0
2
0 0
2
0
h
dz
z
dz rdrd dV M
h h
z
z
r
t
t u
t
u
= = = =
} } } } }
= = =
4
3
4 3
,
4 2
2
4 3
4
0
2
0 0
2
0
h
z
h h
z
h
dz
z
z
dz zrdrd zdV dV z
h
h
z
z
r
= =
= =
= =
}
} } } } }
= = =
t t
t
t
u
t
u
2
5
0
4
0 0
2
2
0
10
3
10 4
2 Mh
h
dz
z
dz rdrd r I
h h
z
z
r
z
= = = =
} } } }
= = =
t
t u
t
u
Mass:
Centroid:
Moment of inertia:
Example 3. Moment of inertia of solid sphere of radius a
3
4
4
3
sin
3 3
2
0 0
2
0
a a
d drd r dV M
a
r
t
t
| u u
t
|
t
u
= =
= =
} } } }
= = =
15
8
2
3
4
5
sin ) sin ( ) (
5 5
2
0 0
2 2 2
0
2 2
t
t
| u u u
t
|
t
u
a a
d drd r r dM y x I
a
r
= =
= + =
} } } }
= = =
2
5
2
Ma I
z
=
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
sin
sin
cos
sin sin
cos sin .
| u u
| u u
u
| u
| u
d r d r dr ds
d drd r dV
r z
r y
r x cf
+ + =
=
=
=
=
Example 4. I_z of the solid ellipsoid
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
= + +
c
z
b
y
a
x
1 ' ' ' then , ' , ' , '
2 2 2
= + + = = = z y x cz z by y ax x
' , ' , ' cdz dz bdy dy adx dx = = =
1) radius of sphere of volume ( ' ' ' = =
}}}
abc dz dy dx abc M
abc abc M t t
3
4
1
3
4
3
= =
In a similar way,
}}} }}}
+ = + = ' ) ' ' ( ) (
2 2 2 2 2 2
dV y b x a abc dV y x I
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
' ' ' ' where , ' '
3
1
' ' ' ' ' ' z y x r dV r dV z dV y dV x + + = = = =
}}} }}} }}} }}}
5
4
' ' 4
) ' ' ' ' sin ' ( ' ' '
1
0
4
2
0 0
2 2
1
0
2
t
t
| u u
t
|
t
u
= =
=
}
} } } }}}
= = =
dr r
d d dr r r dV r
r
| |
5
4
3
1
) ( ' ' ' '
2 2 2 2 2 2
t
+ = + =
}}} }}}
b a abc dV y b dV x a abc I
) (
5
1
2 2
b a M I + =
5. Surface integrals (?)
dxdy dA dA dxdy = = sec , cos projection of the surface to xy plane
}} }}
= dxdy dA sec
k n

= cos
( ) surface to normal ) , , ( grad
z
k
y
j
x
i z y x
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
| | |
|


. ) , , ( const z y x = |
| | grad grad n / ) ( =

|
|
|
|
cos
/
=
c c
=

=
grad
z
grad
grad k
k n
z
z y x
z
grad
k n c c
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c c
=

= =
/
) ( ) ( ) (
/
1
cos
1
sec
2 2 2
|
| | |
|
|

1 so
), , ( ) , , ( ), , ( For
=
c
c
= =
z
y x f z z y x y x f z
|
|
1 ) ( ) (
cos
1
sec
2 2
+
c
c
+
c
c
= =
y
f
x
f

Example 1. Upper surface of the sphere by the cylinder

0 , 1
2 2 2 2 2
= + = + + y y x z y x
. ) , , ( const z y x = |
2 2 2
) , , ( z y x z y x + + = |
2 2
2 2 2
1
1 1
) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2
1
/
sec
y x
z
z y x
z z
grad

= = + + =
c c
=
|
|

1 to 0 from
to 0 from
2
y
y y x
} }
=

=

1
0
2 2
0
1
2
2
y
y y
x
y x
dxdy
/2 0 from
sin to 0 from
t u
u r
2 ) cos 1 ( 2 ) 1 sin 1 ( 2
1 2
1
2
2 /
0
2 /
0
2
2 /
0
2
2 /
0
2 /
0
2
sin
0
= = =
=

} }
} } }
=
t u u u u
u
u
t t
t
t t u
d d
d r
r
rdrd
x