CDMA TRAINING MODULE

FDMA(Frequency Division Multiple

Access): Each user has a private frequency.
e.g. AMPS

TDMA(Time Division Multiple
Access): A users channel is a specific
frequency, but it only belongs to the user during
certain time slots in a repeating sequence. Each
user has a private time on a private frequency. e.g.
GSM
CDMA(Code Division Multiple
Access): Each user has a private code. e.g. IS-
95, CDMA-2000, 1xEV-DO etc. Each users signal
is a continuous unique code pattern buried within a
shared signal, mingled with other users code
patterns. If a users code pattern is known, the
presence or absence of their signal can be
detected, thus conveying information.
Multiple Access Techniques
CDMA One CDMA2000
Generation 1G 2G 2.5G 3G
Technology AMPS IS-95A IS-95B
CDMA2000
1x
CDMA200
0
3x
EVDOREV
A
CDMA2000
1x Ev-DV
Signal
bandwidth
30kHz 1.25MHz 1.25MHz 1.25MHz 3.75MHz 1.25MHz 1.25MHz
# of Users 1 20-35 25-40 50-80 120-210
59
(Theoretical
)
Data
Capability
n/a 14.4kbps 64kbps
153/230/307
kbps
2Mbps 3.1Mbps 5Mbps
Features
Voice
Only
Analog
Voice
Packet
Data
Voice
Packet
Data
2 times
voice
capacity
packet
core net
2 times
voice
capacity
3 times
data rate
1xEv Data
only overlay
Integrated
voice and
data
Year 1995 1998-1999 2000-2001 n/a 2001-2002 2002-2004
CDMA2000 Evolution
Higher capacity
interference limited => high efficiency
uses voice activity detection to reduce transmission bandwidth

Improved quality
Soft handoff
CDMA has frequency, spatial, and time diversity to adapt to wireless errors
EVRC coding at 8kbps of voice includes error correction etc.

Ease of deployment
No frequency planning since frequency reuse=1

Greater coverage
Cost effective in sub-urban and rural areas

Increased privacy
Spreads small signal (9.6kbps) over large spectrum (1.25Mbps) so that signal
appears like noise

Increased talk time
Power control (performed 800 times a second) ensures that the mobile station
transmits at optimum power resulting in longer battery life

The Four RF parameters in CDMA are Rx Level, Tx Level, EcIo & FFER.

Rx Level The signal mobile is experiencing in a particular band.

Tx Level The power mobile is transmitting in a particular band.

EcIo Energy per chip over noise; Signal to noise ratio.

FER Frame Error Rate.

Except that PN and Channel No.
=> Collection of Lat/Long of the problematic area
Azimuth Check of the nearby sites and re orientation of the antenna
towards problematic area
Pilot Power Modification of the particular sector to improve coverage.
Sector Addition to cater low coverage zone
In case of data complaints reduction of Pilot Power to avoid the
Overlapping and Frequent Hand Off

Evolution-Data Optimized or Evolution-Data only (EV-DO, EV, etc.) is a
telecommunications standard for the wireless transmission of data through radio
signals, typically for broadband Internet access. It uses multiplexing techniques
including code division multiple access (CDMA) as well as time division
multiplexing (TDM) to maximize both individual users' throughput and the overall
system throughput. It is standardized by 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2
(3GPP2) as part of the CDMA2000 family of standards.
EVDO is a spectrally efficient solution optimized for high-speed wireless Internet
access:

1X EvDO Rev A Principles:
1x = single 1.25 MHz spaced carrier
EV = Evolution
DO = Data Optimized (no voice traffic)
1xEV-DO systems have their own dedicated RF channel (frequency assignment)
Internet working with cdma2000-1x system is supported by means of hard handoff

HSIA Data Rates :-
Forward Link : 38.4 kbps to 3.1 Mbps
Reverse Link : 9.6 kbps to 1.8 Mbps


Actual Data rate varies depending on numerous factors :-

Number of users per sector (Maximum Sector Throughput 3.1 mbps)
Application (Load of the server customer is accessing)
Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR)
Backhaul capacity
There have been several revisions of the standard as :-

Release 0 (Rel. 0) - Data rate up to 2 Mbit/s
Revision A (Rev. A) - Data rate up to 3.1 Mbit/s
Revision B (Rev. B) - Data rate up to 4.9 Mbit/s
Revision MC (Rev. MC) - Data rate up to 5.5 Mbit/s
Digital Rate Control (DRC) it communicates the information to the
serving sector in the form of an integer between 1 and 14 on the DRC
channel. Alternatively, the mobile can select a "null" rate (DRC 0),
indicating that the mobile either cannot decode data at any rate, or that it
is attempting to hand off to another serving sector.
DRC Index Data Rate(kbit/s) Slots Scheduled Payload Size (bits) Code Rate Modulation
1 38.4 16 1024 1/5 QPSK
2 76.8 8 1024 1/5 QPSK
3 153.6 4 1024 1/5 QPSK
4 307.2 2 1024 1/5 QPSK
5 307.2 4 2048 1/5 QPSK
6 614.4 1 1024 1/3 QPSK
7 614.4 2 2048 1/3 QPSK
8 921.6 2 3072 1/3 8-PSK
9 1228.8 1 2048 2/3 QPSK
10 1228.8 2 4096 1/3 16-QAM
11 1843.2 1 3072 2/3 8-PSK
12 2457.6 1 4096 2/3 16-QAM
13 1536 2 5120 5/12 16-QAM
14 3072 1 5120 5/16 16-QAM