Blood

Characteristic:
Blood is connective tissue. specific ,modified.
1. IT (intercellular substance): fluid 、 few
fiber 、 Called plasma.
2. cells looks like the cells in general connective
tissue.
 Contents of blood
Water 90%

Protein
• Plasma
Inorganic irons plasma
55% 10%
Glucose
amino acid.
Leukocyte
platelet
Erythrocyte
erythrocyte
• Formed elements Leukocyte

45% Blood platelet

classifications of cellular elements of blood.
And the normal ranges
 erythrocyte
1. Morphology:
In surface view : a circular disc . diameter 7 μm.
In profile : biconcave. The maximum
thickness 2 um.
Mature erythrocytes : no nuclei and organelles .
Cytoplasma , a lot of hemoglobin ( Hb ).
2. Normal ranges
• Erythrocyte
healthy male :4.0-5.5×1012 /L
healthy female: 3.5-4.5 × 1012 /L.
• Haemoglobin
healthy male : 120-150g/L
healthy female: 105-135g/L.
3. Functions
• carry oxygen (lungs tissues)
carbon dioxide (tissues lungs)
• ABO antigen responsible for one’s blood
group
4. reticulocyte
• counts for 0.5%-1% in erythrocytes.
• is inmature erythrocyte.
• In cytoplasma has a reticular appearance.
ribosome, being called reticulocyte.
reticulocyte
 leukocyte,WBC
• Morphology : courlorless circular cell, has nucleus.
• Classification:

neutrophil
granulocyte eosinophil
basophil

lymphocyte
agranulocyte
monocyte

• Functions: Involves in the body’s defense and immune .

 1.neutrophils
• Counts for 50%-70% of the total
leukocytes.
• diameter : 11 μm.
 nucleus : variable in shape , rod like or consists of
several lobes(2-5) .
cytoplasma : light-pink neutrophilic granules. very
fine and stain lightly with both acidic and basic dyes.
lysosomes .
Neutrophils (EM)
Function :
• amoiboid movement .
• capillaries surrounding tissues
• where infection occurres, pub cells.
 2. eosinophils
• Counts for 0.5%-3% of the total leukocytes.
• diameter is about 10-15 μm.
.nucleus is made of 2 or 3 lobes that are joined by
delicate strands .
.granules are large and stain brightly with acidic
dyes. lysosomes .
Eosinophil(EM)
Function :
• Amoeboid movement
• chemotasis
• inhibit allergic reaction (neutralize histamine )
• kill parasite.
 3.basophils
• Counts for 1% of the total leukocytes.
• diameter : 10-12 μm.
 nucleus : S-shaped .
cytoplasma : basophilic granules. (heparin , histamine
and eosinophilic chemotactic factor). always cover on
the nucleus.
Basophil(EM)
Function :
• Leukotriene in cytoplasma leads to allergic
reaction.
 4. lymphocyte
• Counts for 20%-30% of the total
leukocytes.
• diameter : 6-8μm. small lymphocytes.
• nucleus : spherical , indentation on one
side. stains densely.
• Cytoplasma: basophilic, scanty.
• Functions: concerned with immune
responses.
spherical , indentation on one side. stains
densely
Lymphocyte(EM)
 5.Monocyte
• Counts for 3%-8% of the total leukocytes.
• diameter : 14-20μm.
• nucleus : ovoid or kidney-like. eccentrical.
• Cytoplasma: abundant and basophilic.
• Functions: become macrophages on their
way to other tissues from blood vessels.
nucleus : ovoid or kidney-like. eccentrical.
Cytoplasma: abundant and basophilic.
Monocyte(EM)
 blood platelet
small masses of cytoplasm separated from megakaryocyte.
• Morphology:
a. biconvex discs.
b. 2-4 μm in diameter.
c. No nucleus.
d. there is a plasma membrane within which there are
mitochondria and vesicles.
e. appear to have a clear outer zone (hyalomere) and a
granular central part (granulomere).
• Functions: concerned with the clotting of blood .
Platelets(LM)
Platelets(EM)
 Haemopoiesis
1. Structure of bone marrow

Yellow
Bone marrow
Haemopoietic tissue
Red
Blood sinus
Haemopoietic inducing micro-circumstances:
the circumstance in which haemopoietic cells
grow and differentiate. Mainly composed of
cells ,such as , reticular cells , fibroblast ,
endothelium of blood sinus and macrophages.
 2. two kinds of cells about haemopoiesis:
• haemopoietic stem cell: originate from the
mesenchymal cells surrounding the yolk sac. give
origin to all types of blood cells .
• haemopoietic progenitor cell: originate from
hematopoietic stem cell , can differentiate into all
kinds of blood cells under the stimulating of various
CSF.
 haemopoietic stem cell

Lymphocytic Pleuripotent haemal

stem cells stem cells

Erythrocytes,leukocytes
All lymphocytes and platelets
3. morphological evolution
• Haemopoiesis involves in the primary ,the
naive and the mature period.
• The morphological evolution has some rules:
a. Cell size and the nucleus become smaller,
the megakaryocyte is on the converse.
b. cytoplasma get more .
c. Division ability awarded gradually.
 Key points
1. classifications of cellular elements of blood.
And the normal ranges.
2.
Erythrocyte 、 neutrophil 、 eosinophil 、 basop
hil 、 lymphocyte 、 monocyte 、 blood platelet.
structure and function.
3. Haemopoietic inducing micro-circumstances.
4. haemopoietic stem cell and haemopoietic
progenitor cell