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GSATROINTESTINAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Metabolism Water
Electrolytes
Vitamins
Nutrients
carbohydrate
protein
fat
Control of gastrointestinal
functions by nervous and
hormonal systems
Activity of gastrointestinal
smooth muscle
Resting potentials
Slow waves
Spike potentials
0
Membrane potential (mv)
-10
stretch
-20
acetylcholine
-30 parasympathetic
depolarization
hormones
-40
norepinephrine
hyperpolarization
-50 sympathetic
-60
Slow waves
stomach 3
0
duodenum 12
Membrane potential(mv)
-50
-60
Spike potentials
-10
The resting potentials
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
Contraction of
Spike potentials
smooth muscle
Action potentials
Spike potentials
of nerve fibers
Mechanism of depolarization
1 Ca 2+
Na+ inflow Na+ inflow
Movements in the gastrointestinal tract
Peristalsis
Peristalsis
sphincter
Local intermittent
constractions
anus
Summary of activity
0 Resting potentials
Membrane potential(mv)
-10
-30
Spike potentials
-40
-50
Contraction of
-60 smooth muscle
Control of gastrointestinal functions
by nervous and hormonal systems
Nervous regulation
hormonal regulation
Hormonal regulation
cholecystokinin
secretin
Inhibit stomach
motility
acidic gastric
juice
Increase the
“S” cells
secretion of
pancreatic juice
secretin
Inhibit the activity
of most gut
Fatty acids
amino acids
carbohydrate
Enteric nervous
system (ENS)
Extrinsic nervous
system
Enteric nervous
system (ENS)
myenteric plexus
(Auerbach’s plexus)
submucosal plexus
(Meissner’s plexus)
myenteric plexus
(Auerbach’s plexus)
Excitatory Inhibitory
effects effects
sphincter
anus
submucosal plexus
(Meissner’s plexus)
secretion
absorption
contraction
Extrinsic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous
sympathetic nervous
parasympathetic nervous
increase
norepinephrine
Smooth
muscle ENS
Decrease
Activity of gastrointestinal tract
Irritation
of the gut
mucosa Afferent ENS
sensory
nerve Sympathetic
Distension
fibers ganglia
of the gut
from the
Spinal cord or
Chemical gut
brain stem
substances
Gastrointestinal reflexes
stimulation
Irritation
of the gut
mucosa Afferent ENS
sensory
Sympathetic
Distension nerve
ganglia
of the gut fibers
from the Spinal cord or
Chemical gut brain stem
substances
Chapter 63 Propulsion and mixing
of food in the alimentary tract
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Oral cavity and esophagus
Mastication
Swallowing
Mastication
Receptors (pharynx)
Trigeminal Glossopharyngeal
nerves nerves
Brain stem
5th,9th,10th,12th
cranial nerves
Series of automatic
pharyngeal muscle
contractions
2.Pharyngeal stage Pharynx Esophagus
esophagus
Lower esophageal sphincter
(gastroesophageal
sphincter) Oral cavity
sphincter
stomach
Recpetive relaxation of the stomach
Oral cavity
sphincter
stomach
stomach
Stomach
Orad portion
1.The storage of
large quantities of
food
2. Mixing this food with
gastric secretions to
from chyme
3. Slow emptying of
chyme from the stomach
into the small intestine
Chyme
Brain stem
stomach
Mixing and propulsion of food into the stomach
Basic electrical
rhythm
Constrictor waves
Mixed waves
Mixing and propulsion of food into the stomach
Propulsive Pyloric
Constrictor movements pump
waves
mixing
movements
pylorus
Mixing and propulsion of food into the stomach
Constrictor mixing
waves movements
The opening of
pylorus is small pylorus
Pyloric muscle
contracts
Pyloric sphincter
polyrus
Hunger contractions
Pyloric pump
Pyloric sohincter
polyrus
Emptying of the stomach
Nervous factor
Gastric factors
Hormonal
factor
Nervous factor
Duodenal factors
Hormonal
factor
Gastric factors
Stretching of
the stomach
Local myenteric
reflexes
Antral mucosa
releases gastrin
Duodenal factors
Hormonal
factor
Duodenal factors Nervous factor
Nervous reflex
Sympathetic ganglia
Sympathetic nervous fibers
stomach
3. Through the vagus nerves to the brain
stem, then inhibit the excitatory signals
transmitted to the stomach through vagi
Hormonal factor
foods
Duodenal mucosa
Release hormones
cholecystokinin
polyrus
summary
Nervous factor
excitatory
Nervous factor
Duodenal factors
inhibitory Hormonal
factor
Small intestine
Mixing contractions
propulsive contractions
Mixing contractions segmentation contractions
Propulsive movements
segmentation contractions
peristalsis
Peristaltic rush
peristalsis
Parasympathetic rectum
reflex
Internal anal
relax
sphincter
Cerebral Pudendal external anal
cortex nerve sphincter
Enteric nervous system reflex
Descending
Myenteric colon
plexus Sigmoid
rectum
Parasympathetic reflex
Descending
Pelvic nerves, colon
spinal cord Sigmoid
rectum
Chapter 64 Secretory functions of
the alimentary tract
Organic
Digestive enzyme
substances
Water and
Chloride, sodium
electrolyte
General principles of alimentary tract secretion
Tactile stimulation
chemical irritation
distension
Enteric nervous
directly indirectly system
Secretion
of glands
Basic mechanisms of stimulation of
the alimentary tract glands
Parasympathetic nerves
Secretion
of glands
Sympathetic nerves
decrease the
secretion
Basic mechanisms of stimulation of
the alimentary tract glands
Ductal cell
Extracellular
fluid
Secretion of saliva
parotid Serous secretion
Large quantities
2 or 3 times
saliva of HCO3-
One seventh or
A few of Na+ one tenth their
A few of Cl- concentrations
inplasam
Secretion of ions in the saliva
Submandibular salivary glands:
acini and salivary ducts
Parasympethetic
nervous
Taste and tactile stimuli
salivary from the oral cavity, sour
secretion taste, presence of smooth
objects, rough objects
Sympethetic
nervous
Gastric secretion
Oxyntic glands
(gastric glands)
Hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen,
Tubular intrinsic factor, mucus
glands
Pyloric glands
pepsinogen, gastrin, mucus
Gastric secretion
Mucous neck cells:
mucus and pepsinogen
Parietal(oxyntic)
cells: Hydrochloric
acid, intrinsic factor
Basic mechanism of hydrochloric acid secretion
Parietal cells secrete an acid solution, pH is
about 0.8, which is about 3 million times
that of the arterial blood
canaliculi
apical canaliculi
Na+
K+
Cl-
Extracellular fluid
basal
K+
HCl Cl-
H2O
OH- H+ H+-K+ATPase
H+
K+ Cl-
Osmotic pressure
H 2O
H+
OH- + CO2 HCO3- Cl-
Secretion and activation of pepsinogen
Peptic(chief) cells and Mucous neck cells
secrete deferent types of pepsinogen which
have the same functions
Has digestive
pepsin activity
Secretion and activation of pepsinogen
Pepsin is an active proteolytic enzyme in a
highly acid medium(optimum pH 1.8to 3.5).
Pyloric glands
pepsinogen
gastrin
Surface mucous cells
Surface mucous cells lie on the surface of
gastric mucosa between the glands.
Surface mucous cells secrete large
quantities of ciscid mucus
Mucus is insoluble and coats the stomach
mucosa with a gel layer, providing a mayor
shell of protection for the stomach wall and
contributing to lubrication of food transport
Mucus is alkaline, therefore the normal
underlying stomach wall is not directly
exposed to the highly acidic
Regulation of gastric secretion
gastrin acetylcholine
Regulation of gastric secretion
acetylcholine
Pepsinogen
secretion
HCl
gastrin
acetylcholine
histamine
secretion Pepsinogen
of HCl secretion
inhibit
inhibit
excess
acidity
Pancreatic secretion
Pancreatic
acini enzymes
acinus
duct +
H2O, Na+,
ducts HCO3-,
other ions
Pancreatic
secrfetion
Pancreatic digestive enzymes
Pancreatic secretion contains enzymes for digesting
all three major types of food:
protein, carbohydrates, fats
Pancreatic Pancreatic
trypsin
amylase lipase
chymotrypsin
Cholesterol
Carboxypolypeptidase esterase
Elastases, nucleases
phospholipase
inactive enterokinase
trypsinogen trypsin
chymotrypsinogen chymotrypsin
procarboxypolypeptidase
Carboxypolypeptidase
protein
trypsin
chymotrypsin
peptides
Carboxypolypeptidase
Amino acids
starches glycogen
Pancreatic
amylase
Disaccharides
and
trisaccharides
Pancreatic
lipase Fatty acids and
Neutral fat
monoglycerides
Cholesterol Cholesterol
esterase esters
phospholipase phospholipid
Acini also secrete trypsin inhibitor
trypsin inhibitor prevents the activation of
trypsin, therefore inhibit the other proteolytic
enzymes
trypsin inhibitor prevents the digestion of
pancreas by trypsin and other enzymes
When the pancreas is severely damaged, large
quantities of pancreatic secretion become pooled in
the damaged areas of the pancreas.
Under these conditions, the effect of trypsin
inhibitor is sometimes overwhelmed, so pancreatic
secretions become activated and literally digest the
pancreas, which produce a kind of disease called
acute pancreatitis
Secretion of bicarbonate ions
ducts HCO3-
CO2
Na+ Blood border
blood
Regulation of pancreatic secretion
three basic stimuli are important in causing pancreatic secretion
Secretin
intestinal phase
cholecystokinin
Secretin
Acid chyme
“S” cells
Secrete large quantities
of water and NaHCO3
secretin
Secretin is absorbed
pancreas
into the blood
NaHCO3
Break down
products of food
“I” cells
Secrete large quantities
of pancreatic enzymes
cholecystokinin
cholecystokinin is
pancreas
absorbed into the blood
Secretion of bile
Large quantities
of bile salts
Emulsifying function
Detergent action on the fat particles
in the food, so decrease the surface
tension of the particles
Break the fat globules into small size
to increase the area of the fats
exposed to lipase
Promote the
Promote the digestion of fats absorption of
fats
Promote the absorption of fats
mucus
Small bicarbonate
intestinal
secretions Water and
other ions
Secretion of the small intestine and large intestine
Large mucus
intestinal
secretions bicarbonate
link
Action potentials
Spike potentials
of nerve fibers
Ca 2+
Na+ Na+
inflow inflow
ENS
sympathetic
ENS
nervous
parasympathetic ENS
nervous
Smooth
muscle
Movement of
alimentary tract
Secretion of digestive juices
and digestion of the food
Absorption of nutrients
Circulation of blood through the
gastrointestinal organs
neurotransmitters