Professional Documents
Culture Documents
see, e.g., Table 2.1 Callister: The Pauli exclusion principle forces there to be only a
certain number of electrons in each shell and orbital.
Note: a similar thing happens for f state also. It fill before some of the d-states.
3
MatSE 280: Introduction to Engineering Materials ©D.D. Johnson 2004
Periodic Table: Orbital Filling
4
MatSE 280: Introduction to Engineering Materials ©D.D. Johnson 2004
Periodic Table: Orbital Filling
Electron-Level Filling
• 4s is slightly lower in energy and fills first, but is removed first as it is less
tightly bound (remove electron in higher lowest quantum levels first).
• Electrons in higher states, which resides farther from nuclei, come off first.
7
MatSE 280: Introduction to Engineering Materials ©D.D. Johnson 2004
Periodic Table Information
8
MatSE 280: Introduction to Engineering Materials ©D.D. Johnson 2004
Primary Bonding Types: IONIC
Bonding
Structure
For closed-shell gases (Ar, Kr,…) n~12. Generally need quantum mechanics.
10
MatSE 280: Introduction to Engineering Materials ©D.D. Johnson 2004
Primary Bonding Types: COVALENT
Covalent bonds share electrons amongst adjacent
atoms.
For Si, the electronic filling is 3s 3p .
2 2
• To fill up all the remaining p-states in bulk Si, 4 electrons are required.
• One way to due this is promote one of the 3s electrons into a p-state,
creating a sp3 hybrid state, which has tetrahedral symmetry due to bond.
11
MatSE 280: Introduction to Engineering Materials ©D.D. Johnson 2004
Primary Bonding Types: COVALENT
The sp3 hybrid (109.50) bonds shows directionality.
U
r0 : F = -dU/dr = 0
F
E0: Uminimum at r0
r0 r
E0
Stored energy goes as E0 goes Smaller Tm
Larger Tm
13
MatSE 280: Introduction to Engineering Materials ©D.D. Johnson 2004
Elastic Moduli, E (Young’s Modulus)
slope=Elastic modulus
E curvature at r0
U
d2U/dr2(r0)
F
Larger E
Smaller
as E0 (less negative)
Parabolic E vs. r shape
Callister
metal
x
polymer:
elastomer
x