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BASIN ANALYSIS

• BASIN ANALYSIS INVOLVES INTERPRETATION OF THE

• FORMATION
• EVOLUTION
• ARCHITECTURE AND
• FILL OF A SEDIMENTARY BASIN

BY EXAMINING GEOLOGICAL VARIABLES ASSOCIATED


WTH THE BASIN.

• DONE BY USING THE TECHNIQUES OF

• REVERSE MODELLING
- INVOLVES ANALYSING FEATURES OF A BASIN IN
ORDER TO DETERMINE THE MECHANISM WHICH
PRODUCED THEM.

• FORWARD MODELLING
- INVOLVES PREDICTING HOW A BASIN WILL EVOLVE
UNDER VARIOUS CIRCUMTANCES AND COMPARING
THIS WITH THE ACTUAL BASIN.
• IT PROVIDES A FOUNDATION FOR EXTRAPOLATING KNOWN
INFORMATION INTO UNKNOWN REGIONS IN ORDER TO
PREDICT THE NATURE OF THE BASIN WHERE EVIDENCE
IS NOT AVAILABLE.

•THE IMPORTANCE OF BASINS IN PETROLEUM INDUSTRY IS


DECIDED BY ITS;

i) GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

ii) KIND OF BASIN

iii) TECTONIC HISTORY

iv) THE SEDIMENTARY HISTORY AND THE


EFFECTS OF THERMAL CHANGES ON
THESE SEDIMENTS
v) CONTENT, AGE, THICKNESS AND FACIES OF THE
SEDIMENTS OF PRIMARY PETROLEUM CONCERN,
SUCH AS THE RSERVOIR, CAP ROCK AND SOURCE
BEDS.

• BASIN ANALYSIS ENCOMPASSES MANY TOPICS SINCE IT


INTEGRATES SEVERAL FIELDS WITHIN GEOLOGY.
THE MAJOR TOPICS INCLUDE;

• BASIN FORMATION AND CHARACTER, PLATE TECTONICS


• BASIN FILL CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES AND
EVOLUTION
• BASIN ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
• DESCRIPTION AND CORRELATION OF STRATIGRAPHIC
BASIN FILL (SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY)
• PETROLEUM SYSTEM
• PROSPECT GENERATION AND EVALUATION.
PURPOSE OF BASIN ANALYSIS

• DETERMINE THE PHYSICAL CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC


FRAMEWORK BY,

- INTERPRETING SEQUENCES, SYSTEM TRACTS AND


PARASEQUENCES AND/ OR SIMPLE SEQUENCES ON
OUTCROPS, WELL LOGS, SEISMIC DATA AND AGE DATA
WITH HIGH RESOLUTION BIOSTRATIGRAPHY.

• CONTRUCT GEOHISTORY, TOTAL SUBSIDENCE AND TECTONIC


SUBSIDENCE CURVES ON SEQUENCE BOUNDARIES.

• COMPLETE TECTONO- STRTIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS INCLUDING;

• RELATE MAJOR TRANSGRESSIVE – REGRESSIVE FACIES


CYCLES TO TECTONIC EVENTS
• RELATE CHANGES IN RATES OF TECTONIC SUBSIDENCE
CURVES TO PLATE- TECTONIC EVENTS

• ASSIGN A CAUSE TO TECTONICALLY ENHANCED


UNCONFORMITIES

• RELATE MAGMATISM TO TECTONIC SUBSIDENCE


CURVES

• MAP TECTONO- STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS

• DETERMINE STYLE AND ORIENTAION OF STRUCTURES


WITH TECTONO- STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS.
MECHANISM OF BASIN FORMATION

MAJOR MECHANISMS FOR REGIONAL SUBSIDENCE/ UPLIFT;

• ISOSTACTIC- CHANGES IN CRUSTAL OR


LITHOSPHERIC THICKNESS

• LOADING- BY THRUST SHEETS, VOLCANIC PILES,


SEDIMENT

• DYNAMIC EFFECTS- ASTHENOSPHERIC FLOW,


MANTLE CONVENTION, PLUMPES

ISOSTACTIC PROCESS

• CRUSTAL THINNING

• EXTENTIONAL STRECHING, EROSION DURING


UPLIFT, MAGMATIC WITHDRAWAL
• MANTLE- LITHOSPHERE THICKENING

• COOLING OF LITHOSPHERE, FOLLOWING CESSATION


OF STRETCHING OR CESSATION OF HEATING

• CRUSTAL DENSIFICATION

• DENSITY INCREASE DUE TO CHANGING PRESSURE/


TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS AND/ OR
EMPLACEMENT OF HIGHER DENSITY MELTS
INTO LOWER DENSITY CRUST

LOADING

• LOCAL ISOTATIC COMPENSATION OF CRUST AND REGINOL


LITHOSPHERIC FLEXURE

• DEPENDENT UPON FLEXURAL RIGITITY OF LITHOSPHERE

• SEDIMENTARY OR VOLCANIC LOADING


• TECTONIC LOADING

• DURING OVERTHRUSTING AND / OR UNDERPULLING

• SUBCRUSTAL LOADING

• LITHOSPHERIC FLEXURE DURING


UNDERTHRUSTING OF DENSE LITHOSPHERE

• DYNAMIC EFFECTS

• ASTHENOSPHERE FLOW

DESCENT OF DELAMINATION OF SUBDUCTED


LITHOSPHERE

• MANTLE CONVECTION

• PLUMES
BASIN CLASSIFICATION AND ORIGIN

SEDMENTARY BASINS ARE COMMONLY CLASSIFIED IN


TERMS OF THE FOLLOWING;

• THE TYPE OF CRUST ON WHICH THE BASINS REST

• THE POSITION OF THE BASINS WITH RESPECT TO


PLATE MARGINS

• FOR BASINS LYING CLOSE TO A PLATE MARGINS, THE


TYPE OF PLATE INTERACTION OCCURING
DURING SEDIMENTATION
INTERIOR BASINS, INTERCRATONIC RIFTS AND
ALACOGENS

INTERIOR BASINS

• RELATIVELY LARGE, COMMONLY OVATE DOWNWARPS


WITHIN THE INTERIORS OF STABLE CRATONIC SHIELDS

• SOME INTERIOR BASINS – FILLED WITH MARINE SILICLASTIC,


CARBONATE OR EVAPORITE SEDIMENT DEPOSITED
FROM EPICONTINENTAL SEAS. OTHERS- NONMARINE
SEDIMENTS.

• VARIOUS MECHANISMS

- SUBSIDENCE

- COOLING AND SUBSIDENCE FOLLOWING A THERMAL


EVENT (INTRUSION OF DENSE MATERIAL IN THE
MANTLE)
- MANTLE PHASE CHANGES

- MANTLE HOT SPOTS

- SHALLOW SUBDUCTION
RIFTS

• NARROW, FAULT- BOUNDED VALLEYS

• RANGE IN SIZE FROM GRABENS A FEW KMs WIDE TO


GIGANTIC RIFTS (EAST AFRICAN RIFT SYSTEM- 3000 KM
LONG AND 30- 40 KM WIDE)

• NO. OF SEDIMENTARY ENVIONMENTS CAN EXIST WITHIN RIFT

- NONMARINE (FLUVIAL, LACUSTRINE, DESERT) TO

- MARGINAL MARINES (DELTA, ESTUARINE, TIDAL FLAT)

- AND MARINE (SHELF, SUBMARINE FAN)

• DEPOSITES OF R.B INCLUDE,

CONLOMERATES, S. STs, SHALES, TURBIDITES, COALS,


EVAPORITES AND CARBONATES.
SURFACE CONFIGURATION OF EAST
AFRICAN RIFT ZONE AND STAGES OF
EVOLUTION OF THE RIFT.
AUALCOGNS

• SPECIAL KIND OF RIFT, REFERRED AS FAILED ARMS


OF A TRIPLE JUNCTION.

• ONE ARM OF SPREADING RIFT SYSTEM-


STOP SPREADING AFTER A FEW MILLION YEARS.

• REST TWO ARMS OF THE RIFT CONTINUED TO SPREAD,


SEPARATION OF THE CONTINENT AND DEVELOPMENT
OF AN OCEAN.

• LONG, NARROW TROUGHS THAT MAKE UP THE ARMS OF


AUALCOGENS EXTEND INTO CONTINENTAL CRATONS.

• DEPOSITES MAY INCLUDE NONMARINE (e.g. ALLUVIAL


FAN) DEPOSITES,MARINE SHELF DEPOSITES AND
DEEPER- WATER TURBIDITES.

• CAMBAY BASIN, REELFOOT RIFT IN WHICH MISSIPPI RIVER


FLOWS.
AUACOGENS NORTH OF BLACK
AND CASPIAN SEA ON THE
RUSSIAN PLATFORM
OCEANIC BASINS AND RISES

OCEANIC BASINS

• OCCUR IN VARIOUS PARTS OF DEEP OCEANIC FLOOR

• CREATED BY RIFTING AND SUSIDENCE ACCOMPANING


OPENING OF AN OCEAN- OWING TO CONTINENTAL
RIFTING

• MAY INCLUDE OCEAN – FLOOR SAG BASINS, FAULT


BOUNDED BASINS ASSOCIATED WITH RIDGE SYSTEM.

• SEDIMENTS ARE MAINLY PELAGIC CLAYS, BIOGENIC


OOZES, TURBIDITES.

• SEDIMENTS ACCUMULATE IN THESE BASINS ADJACENT


TO ACTIVE MARGINS MAY BE SUBDUCTED INTO A
TRENCH AND CONSUMED DURING OCEAN CLOSING.
SUBDUCTION RELATED SETTING

• FEATURES OF SEISMICALLY ACTIVE CONTINNTAL MARGINS

• CHARACTERISED BY A DEEP- SEA TRENCH, AN ACTIVE


VOLCANIC ARCH AND AN ARCH- TRENCH GAP

• MOST IMPORTANT DEPOSITIONAL SITES ARE

- DEEP- SEA TRENCH


- FORE- ARC BASINS (LIE WITHIN THE ARCH- TRENCH
GAP)
- BACK- ARCH OR MARGINAL BASINS

• SEDIMENTS DEPOSITED ARE MAINLY,

-SILICICLASTIC DEPOSITES DERIVED FROM VOLCAIN


SOURCES IN THE VOLCANIC ARCH (SANDS AND
MUDS ON THE SHELF, TURBIDITES IN DEEPER
WATER IN SLOPE, BASIN AND TRENCH SETTING
• SEDIMENTS IN THE TRENCH,

- TERRIGENOUS DEPOSITES TRNSPORTED BY


TURBIDITY CURRENTS FROM LAND

- TOGETHER WITH SEDIMENTS SCRAPED FROM A


SUBDUCTING OCANIC PLATES- FORMING AN
ACCRETIONARY COMPLEX
STRIKE- SLIP/ TRANSFORM- FAULT- RELATED SETTING
• OCCUR ALONG

- OCEAN SPREADING

- TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES BETWEEN SOME MAJOR


CRUSTAL PLATES

- ON CONTINENTAL MARGINS AND

- WITHIN CONTINENTS ON CONTINENETAL CRUST

• MOVEMENTS ALONG STRIKE- SLIP FAULTS – PRODUCE A


VARITY OF PULL- APRT BASINS

• MOST BASINS FORMED BY STRIKE- SLIP FAULTING ARE


SMALL

• S- S BASINS OCCUR IN A VARITY OF SETTING- MAY BE FILLED


BY EITHER MARINE OR NONMARINE SEDIMENTS.
SEISMIC PROFILE ACROSS
A WRENCH FAULT
TYPES OF STRIKE- SLIP FAULT
PATTERN AND RESULTING
SEDIMENTARY BASINS

A. B. C – BRAIDED FAULT

D– FAULT TERMINATION

E- EN ECHLON FAULT
COLLISION- RELATED SETTING

• FORMED AS A RESULT OF CLOSING OF AN OECAN BASIN


AND COLLISION BETWEEN CONTINENTS OR ACTIVE
ARC SYSTEMS OR BOTH

• COLLISION GENERATES COMPRESSIONAL FORECES-


DEVELOPMENT OF FOLD THRUST- BELTS AND
ASSOCIATED FORELAND BASINS ALONG THE COLLISION
SUTURE BELT.

• MAY ALSO GIVE RISE TO STRIKE- SLIP MOVEMENT AND


CREATION OF STRIKE BELT.

• LANDMASSES TEND TO APPROACH EACH OTHER


OBLIQUELY DURING COLLISION (OWING TO IRREGULAR
SHAPE OF CONTINENTS AND ISLAND ARCS), PORTION
OF AN OLD OCEAN MAY REMAIN UNCLOSED AFTER
COLLISION OCCURS- SURVIVING EMBAYMENT ARE
REMNANT BASINS- CHARACTERISED BY TUBIDITE
SEDIMENTATION
• FORELAND BASINS CHARACTERISED BY NONMARINE
GRAVELS, SANDS, AND MUDS (WHEN ISOLATED FROM
THE OCEAN)

• MAY CONTAIN CARBONATE, VAPORITES, AND/ OR


TUBIDITES (IF HAVE CONNECTION WITH OCEAN)
TERMINOLOGY OF CONVERGENT MARGIN INVOLVING OVERRIDING PLATE
MODEL OF
TECTONIC AND
SEDIMENTARY
EVOLUTION OF A
SUTURE ZONE
DEVELOPED BY
IRREGULAR
CONTINENTAL
MARGINS
MAJOR ACTIVITIES IN BASIN ANALYSIS

A. DECIPHERING THE REGIONAL TECTONIC FRAMEWORK


OF THE BASIN

• LAND IMAGERY DATA

• TECTONIC FEATURES- LINEAMENTS, ZONE OF


FRACTURES, FAULTS etc

• GEOMORPHIC ANOMALIES AND DRAINAGE PATTERN


ANALYSIS

• STUD OF GRAVITY, MAGNETIC & AERRO- MAGNETIC DATA

• REGIONAL SEISMIC PROFILES AND DSS DATA- TO FIND OUT

- BASEMENT CONFIGURATION
- QUANTUM OF BASIN FILL
- DEEP SEATED FAULT ZONES

PREPARATION OF TECTONIC & BASIN FILL MAPS.


7 1 ° 2 3 ' 7 3 °3 5 '
7 2 ° 0 0 ' 7 3 ° 0 0 ' 2 4 ° 5 9 '
2 4 ° 5 9 '

L E G E N D

T O W N S H IP

L IN E A M E N T

B A S IN M A R G IN

2 4 ° 0 0 ' 2 4 ° 0 0 '

P A T A N

M E H S A N A

2 3 ° 0 0 ' 2 3 ° 0 0 '
A H M E D A B A D

2 2 ° 0 0 ' 2 2 ° 0 0 '

2 1 ° 0 0 ' 2 1 ° 0 0 '

K M5 2 . 50 5 1 0 1 5 2 0K M

2 0 ° 3 3 ' 2 0 ° 3 3 '
7 2 ° 0 0 ' 7 3 ° 0 0 '
7 1 ° 2 3 ' 7 3 ° 3 5 '

LINEAMENT MAP OF CAMBAY BASIN


WITH PALEOCHANNELS
7 1 d 47 52 m
d 7 02 md 71 25 dm 73 20 dm 47 53 m
d 7 03 md 1 5 m

4 d 3 0 m 2 4 d 3 0 m
Ce
4 d 1 5 m nt 2 4 d 1 5 m
ra
lG
4 d 0 m ra 2 4 d 0 m
v ity
3 d 4 5 m hi 2 3 d 4 5 m
gh
3 d 3 0 m
BOUGUER ANOMALY
2 3 d 3 0 m

3 d 1 5 m 2 3 d MAP
1 5 m OF CAMBAY
3 d 0 m
A h m a d a b a d 2 3 d BASIN
0 m IS
2 d 4 5 m 2 2
CHARACTERIZED BY
d 4 5 m
D h o lk a
A CENTRAL GRAVITY
2 d 3 0 m
4 5
2 2
HIGH AND FLANKED
d 3 0 m

2 d 1 5 m d BY
1 5 mGRAVITY LOWS
4 0
3 5 B a r o d a 2 2
3 0

d ( 0 BLUE ) ON EITHER
2 5
D a b h o i
2 d 0 m 2 0
1 5 J a m b u s a r 2 2 m

d SIDES.
1 0
5

1 d 4 5 m 0
- 5 2 1 4 5 m
- 1 0
- 1 5
G o g h a J h a g a d ia
A n k le s h w a r
1 d 3 0 m - 2 0
- 2 5 2 1 d 3 0 m
- 3 0
- 3 5

1 d 1 5 m - 4 0
- 4 5 2 1 d 1 5 m
- 5 0

1 d 0 m 2 1 d 0 m

7 1 d 47 52 md 7 02 md 71 25 dm 73 20 dm 47 53 md 7 03 md 1 5 m
7 1 d 4 0 7 m2 d 1 0 7 m2 d 4 0 7 m3 d 1 0 m

2 4 d 1 0 m 2 4 d 1 0 m

2 3 d 3 0 m M e h s a n a 2 3 d 3 0 m

L-23
L-25
L-29

2 2 d 5 0 m
A h m a d a b a d
L-35
MAGNETIC ANOMALY MAP
2 2 d 5 0 m
L-37 ALSO SHOWS POSITIVE
ANOMALIES OVER THE AREA
L41

L43
OF CENTRAL GRAVITY HIGH.
2 2 d 1 0 m B a r o d a
2 2 d 1 0 m
D a b h o i

2 1 d 3 0 m A n k le s h w a r
4 0 0 2 1 d 3 0 m
2 0 0

- 2 0 0

2 0 d 5 0 m 2 0 d 5 0 m
7 1 d 4 0 7m2 d 1 0 7m2 d 4 0 7m3 d 1 0 m
GEOLOGICAL SECTION
ACROSS SANCHOR
BLOCK

GEOLOGICAL SECTION
ACROSS MEHSANA
BLOCK
B.
• PREPARATION OF ELECTROLOG CORRELATION OF THE
PARAMETRIC/ EXPLORATORY WELLS

• PREPARATION OF SEISMO- GEOLOGICAL SECTION ALONG


AND ACROSS THE BASIN AT SUITABLE INTERVALS

• DIVISION OF ENTIRE STRATIGRAPHIC SECTION INTO TIME/


ROCK UNITS

• PREPARATION OF LAYOUT MAP SHOWING SEISMIC PROFILES


ALONG AND ACROSS THE BASIN

• STUDY OF SELECTED SEISMIC SECTIONS IN DIFFERENT


PARTS OF THE BASIN
SEISMO- GEOLOGICAL SECTION ALONG 380-09 (MINDHOLA AREA),
SOUTH CAMBAY BASIN
Geological section across Jaisalmer Basin (NNW- SSE)
C. SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY
• STUDY OF TERMINATION CHARACTERS OF SEISMIC
REFLECTORS

• STUDY OF SEQUENCES OF BROAD SEISMIC FACIES


PACKS

• IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR SEQUENCES/


PARASEQUENCES, UNCONFORMITIES etc

• PREPARATION OF SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAMS

• STUDY OF TRANSGRESSIVE/ REGRESSIVE CYCLES WITH


THE HELP OF SEA- LEVEL CURVES

• SYSTEM TRACT ANALYSIS

INPUTS
• KEY SEISMIC LINES
• BIO & CHORNO- STRATIGRAPHIC DATA
• VSP/ SONIC DATA OF KEY WELLS
RELATION OF STRATA TO THE UPPER BOUNDARY OF A DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE.

RELATIONSHIP OF STRATA TO THE LOWER BOUNDARY OF A DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE.


REGIONAL ELECTROLOG CORRELATION
SHOWING VARIOUS SEQUENCES AND
THEIR ASSOCIATED SYSTEM TRACTS.
SIMPLIFIED GLOBAL
SEQUENCE CHART FOR
PART OF THE TERTIARY
AND QUARTERNARY.
A SIMULATED SEISMIC SECTION SHOWING SOME COMMON SEISMIC FACIES
PATTERN THAT CAN BE IDENTIFIED FROM SEISMIC RECORDS.
TERMINOLOGY FOR RELATIONS THAT DEFINE UNCONFORMABLE BOUNDARIES
OF A DEPOSITION SEQUENCE.
D. SEQUENCE ANALYSIS

• STUDY OF SEISMIC SIGNATURES LEADING TO SEISMIC


FACIES ANALYSIS FOR EACH SEQUENCE

•ANALYSIS OF LOG MOTIFS FOR RECOGNITION OF


SEDIMENTARY FACIES

•WORKING OUT STRATAL PATTERN AND SEDIMENTARY


FACIES MAPS

• DECIPHERING GEOMETRY OF SAND BODIES, CARBONATE


BUILDUPS etc

• PREPARATION OF PALEOGEOGRAPHIC MAPS

• PREPARATION OF PREPARATION OF FACIES, SAND/ SHALE


RATIO MAP, PALEOCURRENT ANALYSIS etc
INPUTS

• ALL AVAILABLE, NORMALLY PROCESSED/ REPROCESSED


SEISMIC TO BE STUDIED

• INTEGRATION OF SEISMIC ANALYSIS DATA

•SYNTHESIS OF LITHOLOGICAL AND CORE DATA

• INTEGRATION OF PALEONTOLOGICAL/ PALYNOLOGICAL


DATA

• STRATIGRAPHIC DIAGRAMES

• STRATIGRAPHIC CROSS SECTION HUNG ON SHARED


STRATIGRAPHIC FEATURES

• FENCE DIAGRAME IS SERIES OF CROSS SECTION ON AN


ISOMETRIC AMP
STRATIGRAPHIC MAPS

• STRUCTURE CONTOUR MAP PLOTS THE SURFACE OF A


SUBSURFACE LITHOLOGICAL UNIT

• DETERMINE REGIONAL STRAUCTURAL ATTITUDE OF ROCKS,


PRESENCE OF LOCAL STRUCTURAL FEATURES

• POINT OF EQUAL ELEVATION ABOVE OR BELOW A DATUM


ARE MAPPED AND CONTOURED

• STRUCTURAL HIGHS (DOME/ ANTICLINE) & LOWS (BASINS/


SYNCLINES ARE OVIOUS

• FULT INDICATED BY TIGHTLY BUNCHED CONTOURS ALONG A


STRAIGHT LINE
STRUCTURE CONTOUR
MAP DRAWN ON THE TOP
OF FORMATION TOP
ISOPACH MAPS
• POINTS OF EQUAL THICKNESS OF A ROCK UNIT ARE
CONTOURED

• REQUIRES DATA FOR TOP AND BOTTOM OF BED


(THICKNESS)

• ABNORMALLY THICK AREAS SUGGEST PRESENCE OF


MAJOR DEPOSITIONAL CENTRES

PALEOGEOGRAPHIC MAPS
• PROVIDE MEANS TO ILLUSTRATE PALEODRAINAGE,
PATTERS OF BASIN FILL, SHIFTED SHORELINES OR
BURIAL OF PRE- EXITING TOPOGRAPHY

• STRIPPED OFF ALL OVERLYING ROCKS TO A PARTICULAR


UNIT ON WHICH THESE WERE DEPOSITED

• MAP ON TOP OF EXPOSED UNIT (SUBCROP MAP)

• MAP ON TOP OF OVERLYING ROCKS FROM BELOW


(SUPERCROP MAP)
ISOPACH MAP OF KALOL FORMATION, CAMBAY BASIN
PALEOGEOGRAPHY DURING SEQ- II (KOPILI Fm. LATE EOCENE)
FACIES MAPS

• ILLUSTRATES THE AERIAL VARIATION OF A STRATIGRAPHIC


UNIT

• VARIATIONS IN LITHOLOGICAL ASPECT AND ATTRIBUTES-


LITHOFACIES MAP

• VARIATION IN FAUNAL/ FLORAL ASPECT- BIOFACIES MAP

• TWO TYPES OF LITHOFACIES MAP

• CLASTIC RATIO MAP

- CONTOURS OF EQUAL CLASTIC RATIO

(CONG+ S.St + SHALE)


RATIO IS ----------------------------------
(L.St + DOLO + EVAPOR. + COAL)
CLASTIC- RATIO
MAP (CLASTIC/
NONCLASTIC)
FENCE DIAGRAM
SHOWING
INTERTONGUING
FACIES
RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN MARINE
AND NONMARINE
DEPOSITES.
FACIES
RELATIONSHIPS
IN UPPER
CRETACEOUS
STRATA OF THE
ROCKY
MOUNTAIN
• THREE- COMPONET LITHOFACIES MAP

- SHOW BY MEANS OF PATTERNS OR COLORS THE


RELATIVE ABUNDANCE, WITHIN A FORMATION/
STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT, OF THREE PRINCIPAL
LITHOFACIES COMPONENTS

SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY

• REFLECTION SEISMOLOGY RECORDS TIME FROM


SOUNDING TO REFLECTION DETECTION

• SOUND TRAVELS DOWNWARD, REFLECTED OFF


SUBSURFACE STRAUCTURES, DETECTED BY GEOPHONE

• RECORDED ON STRIP CHART WITH PULSE


REPRESENTING TIME WHEN SOUND WAVE RETUNED

• VERTICAL SCALE IS TWO- WAY TIME FOR MORE THAN


ONE REFLECTED SURFACE ENCOUNTERED
HYPOTHETICAL
THREE –
COMPONENT MAP
(S.St, SHALE, L.St)
LITHOFACIES MAP
SEISMIC SECTION 380- 09 SHOWING STRUCTURAL INVERSION, MINDHOLA AREA
DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCES AS DEFINEDFROM SEISMIC RECORDS
SEISMIC PROFILES

• ALL SINGNALS FROM TRAVERSE COLLECTED, SCREENED


BY COMPUTER, PRINTED OUT

• REFLECTORS RESULT FROM ANY ABRUPT CHANGE IN


SEISMIC VELOCITY

• SUBSURFACE STRUCTURES AND GENETIC SEQUENCES

• TEXTURES OF REFLECTIONS CAN BE MEANINGFUL

• NON- MARINE BEDS TYPICALLY JAGGED REFLECTIOS

• MARINE BEDS GENRALLY SMOTH, CONTINOUS,


HOMOGENOUS
PALEOCURRENT ANALYSIS

• USED TO DETERMINE THE FLOW DIRECTION OF ANCIENT


CURRENTS- REFLECTS THE PALEOSLOPE.

• ACCOMPLISHED BY MEASURING ORIENTATION OF


DIRECTIONAL FEATURES SUCH AS SEDIMENTARY
STRUCTURES (FLUTE CAST, RIPPLE MARKS, CROSS BEDS
etc)

• REVEALS THE DIRECTION IN WHICH THE SEDIMENT


SOURCE AREA

• AIDS IN UNDERSTANDING OF

• GEOMETRY AND TREND OF LITHOLOGICAL UNITS

• INTERPRETATION OF DEPOSITIONAL ENVIONMENTS


USE OF
PALEOCURRENT DATA
TO LOCATE SOURCE
AREA
E. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

• IDENTIFICATION OF FAULT SYSTEM, STRUCTURAL


ELEMENTS

• PREPARATION OF STRUCTURE CONTOUR, ISOCHRON


(TIME STRUCTURE MAP) AND ISOCHRONOPACH MAPS

• TECTONO- STRATIGRAPHIC ANAYSIS

• CONCEPTUAL GEOLOGICAL MODEL

• BASIN EVOLUTION HISTORY


PROPOSED LOCATION
KKL- 1

TIME STRUCTURE
MAP NEAR THE TOP
OF SAND IN # K- 260
CONCEPTUAL GEOLOGICAL MODEL, OLPAD
F. PLAY ANALYSIS

• ANALYSIS AND INTEGRATION OF

• GEOCHEMICAL DATA
• BASIN FILL MAPS (OR ISOPACH MAPS)
• PALEO- STRUCTURAL MAPS, SUBSIDENCE CURVES

• IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCE- RESERVOIR- CAP ROCK


LOCALES AND RELATIONSHIP

• IDENTIFICATION OF KITCHEN AREA AND PETOLEUM SYSTEM

• IDENTIFICATION OF OIL AND GAS


G. PROSPECT EVALUATION

• IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF STRUCTURAL,


STRATIGRAPHIC AND COMBINATION TYPE OF PROSPECT

• PREPARATION OF PROSPECT MAPS

• TECHNO- ECONOMIC ANAYSIS

• PROPOSAL FOR RELEASE OF EXPLORATORY LOCATIONS


SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY
• IS DEFINED AS

‘THE STUDY OF ROCK RELATIONSHIP WITHIN A


CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY FRAMEWORK OF REPETITIVE ,
GENETICALLY RELATED STRATA, BOUNDED BY
SURFACE OF EROSION OR NON- DEPOSITION, OR THEIR
CORRELATIVE CONFORMITIES’.

• SEQUENCE PROVIDES

A TIME – STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK, BASED UPON


THE GLOBAL EUSTATIC SEA LEVEL CYCLE CHART, CAN
BE USE TO CORRELATE, DATE, MAP AND PREDICT
SEDIMENTARY FACIES.

DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE IS DEFINED AS

A RELATIVELY CONFORMABLE SUCCESSION OF GENETICALLY


RELATED STRATA, BOUNDED ABOVE AND BELOW BY
UNCONFORMITIES OR THEIR CORRELATIVE
CONFORMITIES.
Concept of depositional sequences.
CORRELATIVE CONFORMITY

IS A BEDDING SURFACE SEPARATING YOUNGER FROM OLDER


STRATA ALONG WHICH THERE IS NO EVIDENCE OF
EROSION OR NON- DEPOSITION.

GENETICALLY RELATED

DESCRIBES THE SUIT OF SEDIMENTARY FACIES DEPOSITED


OVER A SPECIFIC PERIOD OF TIME WITHIN THE
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF AN ENTIRE DRAINAGE
BASIN, MAY INCLUDE BASIN’S HIGHLANDS, THE
COASTLINE AND THE ABYSSAL DEPTHS.
RELATIVE SEA LEVEL COMPONENTS AND ACCOMODATION SPACE

THE MARINE STRATIGRAPHIC RECORD IS COMPOSED OF


DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCES.

VARIABLES THAT CONTROL SEQUENCE FROMMATION


FORMATION OF THESE SEQUENCES IS CONTROLLED BY,

• SEDIMENT SUPPLY
IS A FUNCTION OF EROSION, RUNOFF AND FLUVIAL
TRANSPORT LOADS AND PROCESSES, STRONGLY
AFFECTED BY THE COMBINATION OF TECTONICS, CLIMATE
AND DRAINAGE BASIN SIZE.

• EUSTASY
IS THE GLOBAL COMPONENT OF SEA LEVEL CHANGE
CAUSED BY THE SUM OF CLIMATIC VARIABLE
AND GLACIAL AND TECTONIC PROCESSES.

• COMPACTION
REDUCES THE VOLUME OF MARINE SEDIMENTS BY
EXPELLING INTERSTITIAL PORE WATERS AND IS
CAUSED EITHER BY DESICCATION OR OVERLYING
SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION.

• ACCOMMODATION SPACE-
IS SUM TOTAL OF TOTAL OF EUSTASY, SUBSIDENCE AND
COMPACTION.
DEPOSITIONAL GEOMETRIES OF STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCES

THE BALANCE BETWEEN SEDIMENT SUPPLY AND RELATIVE


SEA- LEVEL CONTROLS OVERALL DEPOSITIONAL
GEOMETRIES, WHICH ARE;

PROGRADATIONAL (REGRESSION) GEOMETRIES

• RESULT FROM A DOMINANCE OF SEDIMENT SUPPLY OVER


ACCOMMODATION SPACE.

• THIS SURPLUS CAUSES DEPOSITION TO MIGRATE BASIN WARD


(WHERE SEDIMENTS HAVE SPACE).

• PRODUCES STRATAL CLINOFORMS

• REPRESENTS THE SHELF EDGE, SEPARATING COASTAL PLAIN


AND NERITRIC FACIES FROM BATHYAL FACIES).
•AN UPWARD- COARSENING PROFILE OF SEDIMENTARY
COMPONENTS ON WELL LOGS, CHARACTERISTIC OF
SHELF MARGIN, HIGHSTAND AND PORTION OF THE
LOWSTAND SYSTEMS.

AGGRADATIONAL GEOMETRIES

• OCCUR WHEN SEDIMENT SUPPLY MATCHES THE INCREASE


IN ACCOMMODATION SPACE AND PRODUCES
VERTICALLY STACKED FACIES.

• ELECTRICAL LOGS SHOW REPETITIVE UNITS OF UPWARD


COARSENING OR MIXED COMPONENTS.
RETROGRADATIONAL (TRANSGRESSION) GEOMETRIES:

• RESULT FROM EITHER SEDIMENT STARVATION OR NET


INCREASE IN ACCOMMODATION SPACE (DUE TO A
RELATIVE SEA LEVEL RISE) OVER SEDIMENT SUPPLY.

• AN UPWARD SHIFT FROM COARSE- GRAINED, INNER-


NERITIC DEPOSITS TO DEEPER, PELAGIC DEPOSITIONAL
ENVIRONMENTS (AS SEA LEVEL RISES AND SHORELINE
MIGRATES).

• PRODUCES FINING UPWARD ELECTRIC LOG PATTERNS.

• ASSOCIATED PREDOMINANTLY WITH TRANSGRESSIVE


SYSTEM TRACT DEPOSITION.
SEISMIC SEQUENCE ANALYSIS

THE STRATA THAT MAKEUP A DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE MAY


BE EITHER

• CONCORDANT

ESSENTIALLY PARALLEL TO SEQUENCE BOUNDARY,

OR

• DISCORDANT

LACKING PARALLELISM WITH RESPECT TO SEQUENCE


BOUNDARIES.

DISCORDANCE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT PHYSICAL CRITERION


USED IN DETERMINING SEQUENCE BOUNDARIES.
TWO MAIN TYPES OF DISCORDANCE ARE;
• TRUNCATION

IS THE LATERAL TERMINATION OF STRATA CUT OFF FROM THEIR


ORIGINAL DEPOSITIONAL LIMITS BY EROSION

OCCURS AT THE UPPER BOUNDARY OF A SEQUENCE AND MAY


BE EITHER LOCAL OR REGION EXTENT

•LAPOUT

IS THE LATERAL TERMINATION OF STRATA AGAINST A


BOUNDARY AT THEIR ORIGINAL DEPOSITIONAL LIMIT.

RELATION OF STRATA TO THE UPPER BOUNDARY OF A DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE.


LAPOUT RELATIONSHIPS ARE FURTHER DIVIDED INTO TWO TYPES;

• BASELAP AND

• TOPLAP

• BASELAP

OCCURS AT THE LOWER BOUNDARY OF A DEPOSITIONAL


SEQUENCE AND IS OF TWO TYPES,

• ONLAP

IS A BASELAP IN WHICH AN INITIALLY HORIZONTAL OR


INCLINED STRATUM TERMINATES AGAINST A
SURFACE OF GREATER INCLINATION.

• DOWNLAP

IS THE BASELAP IN WHICH AN INITIALLY INCLINED STRATUM


TERMINATES DOWNDIP AGAINST AN INITIALLY
HORIZONTAL OR INCLINED SURFACE.
ONLAP AND DOWNLAP INDICATE NONDEPOSITIONAL HIATUSES
AND NOT EROSIONAL BREAKS IN DEPOSITION.

RELATIONSHIP OF STRATA TO THE LOWER BOUNDARY OF A DEPOSITIONAL


SEQUENCE.

• TOPLAP

IS LAPOUT AT UPPER BOUNDARY OF A DEPOSITIONAL


SEQUENCE

TOPLAP IS ALSO EVIDENCE OF A NONDEPOSITIONAL HIATUS.


TERMINOLOGY FOR RELATIONS THAT DEFINE UNCONFORMABLE
BOUNDARIES OF A DEPOSITION SEQUENCE.
A SIMULATED SEISMIC SECTION SHOWING SOME COMMON SEISMIC
FACIES PATTERN THAT CAN BE IDENTIFIED FROM SEISMIC RECORDS.
STRATAL UNITS WITHIN SEQUENCE INCLUDE,

DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEM

IS A THREE DIMENSIONAL ASSEMBLAGE OF LITHOFACIES, GENETICALLY


LINKED BY ACTIVE (MODERN) OR INFERRED (ANCIENT) PROCESSES
AND ENVIRONMENTS (E.G. FLUVIAL, DELTAIC, BARRIER – ISLAND
ETC).

SYSTEM TRACT - A SUBDIVISION OF A DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEM.


FOUR KINDS ARE RECOGNIZED;

I)
A) LOWSTAND SYSTEM TRACT (LST)

B) TRANSGRESSIVE SYSTEM TRACT (TST)

C) HIGHSTAND SYSTEM TRACT (HST)

D) SHELF MARGIN TRACT (SMST)

II) PARASEQUENCE & PARASEQUENCE SET

III) MARINE FLOODING SURFACE


SEQUENCE BOUNDARIES

TWO TYPES OF SEQUENCES AND SEQUENCE BOUNDARIES HAVE BEEN


IDENTIFIED;

• TYPE- I SEQUENCE BOUNDARY

• IS BOUNDED AT ITS BASE BY A TYPE- I SEQUENCE BOUNDARY,


CHARACTERIZED BY SUBAERIAL EXPOSURE AND EROSION
PRODUCED BY RELATIVE FALL IN SEA.

• TYPE- I SEQ. BOUNDARY IS IDENTIFIED BY A BASINWARD SHIFT OF


COASTAL FACIES AND FLUVIAL INCISION.

TYPE- I SEQUENCE CONSISTS OF THREE SYSTEM TRACTS-

A) LOWSTAND SYSTEM TRACT

B) TRANSGRESSIVE SYSTEM TRACT AND

C) HIGHLAND SYSTEM TRACT UNIT,

BUT DOES NOT CONTAINED A SHELF MARGIN SYSTEM TRACT.


• MOST COMMONLY OBSERVED AND REPRESENT THE SETTING FOR
THOSE EXPOSED PORTIONS OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF
DURING THE LOWER SEA LEVEL PHASE.

TYPE- II SEQUENCE BOUNDARY

• HAS A TYPE- II SEQUENCE BOUNDARY AT ITS BASE AND


EITHER A TYPE- I OR TYPE- II SEQUENCE
BOUNDARY AT ITS TOP.

• LACKS THE STRONG EROSINAL FEATURES ASSOCIATED


WITH THE TYPE- I BOUNDARY AND THE
BASINWARD SHIFT OF COASTAL FACIES.

• CONSIDERED RARE WITHIN CLASTIC DEPOSITIONAL


SEQUENCES.
SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATION OF SYSTEM TRACTS AND PARASEQUENCES IN
A TYPE- I AND A TYPE- II EQUENCE.
LOWSTAND SYSTEM TRACT

• IS BOUNDED AT ITS BASE BY A TYPE- I SEQUENCE


BOUNDARY ON SHELF AND ITS CORRELATIVE
COUNTERPART ABOVE THE CONDENSED SECTION
IN DEEPER WATERS.

• TOP IS MARKED BY TRANSGRESSIVE AND HST SURFACES.

• DEPOSITED IN DEEPER BATHYAL ENVIRONMENTS DURING


TIMES OF A FALL IN RELATIVE SEA LEVEL.

• CONTINUE DURING THE SUBSEQUENT RISE IN SEA LEVEL.

• DISPLAY CHARACTERISTIC INTERNAL GEOMETRIES

DURING LST PHASE, INCISED VALLEYS AND CANYONS


ARE ERODED ON THE SHELF. FILLED DURING
SUBSEQUENT RISE IN SEA LEVEL AND ARE LABELED
INCISED VALLEY FILL (IVF).
•DOWNSLOPE OF THESE FEATURES, THICKEST
ACCUMULATIONS OF RESERVOIR QUALITY SANDS
ARE DEPOSITED.

• SEDIMENTARY BASINS WITH WELL- DEFINED SHELF EDGE


PRODUCE WELL- DEFINED LST INTERNAL
COMPONENTS , WHICH INCLUDE,

- BASIN FLOOR COMPLEX (BFC)


- SLOPE FAN COMPLEX (SFC)
- PROGARDING COMPLEX (PC).

MODEL OF LOWSTAND SYSTEM TRACT


BASIN FLOOR COMPLEX (BFC)
• COMPOSED OF TURBIDITE SANDS AND INTERLAYER SHALES OF
SUBMARINE FANS.

• SEISMIC REFLECTORS - DOWNLAP AND ONLAP TERMINATIONS.

• CONTAINS EXCELLENT RESERVOIR QUALITY SANDS DISPLAY A BLOCKY


PATTERN ON WELL LOGS.

•BFC SANDS- HIGH PERMEABILITY AND POROSITIES, LIMITED CONTINUITY


AND EXCELLENT SEALS WHEN CAPPED BY PELAGIC SHALES.
SLOPE FAN COMPLEX (SFC)
• GRADES UPWARDS FROM PELAGIC SHALES INTO CHANNEL
TRANSPORT COMPLEXES

• SANDS OF GOOD RESERVOIR POTENTIAL FOUND WITHIN


CHANNEL AXES AND AS SHEET SANDS ON LEVEE FLANKS.

• TYPICAL COARSENING- UPWARD PATTERN ON ELECTRICAL LOGS.

LOG RESPONSES OF DIFFERENT SYSTEM TRACT ON SHELF AND SLOPE


PROGRADING COMPLEX (PGC)
• COASTAL ONLAP ACROSS THE SHELF PRODUCES PGC AND
RESULTS IN THE SUPPLY OF DISTAL SEDIMENTS TO THE LST
COMPLEX

• SAND DEPOSITION IS LIMITED TO SHORELINE AREAS ALONG


THE OUTER SHELF, INCLUDE FLUVIAL AND SHOREFACE FACIES
DISPLAY A COARSENING- UPWARD WELL LOG PATTERN.

• THE PGC IS CAPPED BY DEEPWATER DISTAL DEPOSITS OF TST


AND HST.
TRANSGRESSIVE SYSTEM TRACT

• RISE IN RELATIVE SEA LEVEL AND TRANSGRESSION OF THE SHORELINE


ACROSS THE SHELF, SEDIMENT SUPPLY TO LST COMPLEXES IS CUT
OFF, EXCEPT FOR CONTINUED DISTAL ACCUMULATION . SEDIMENTS
ACCUMULATE TO FORM THE TST.

• CHARACTERIZED BY DIPPING STRATAL GEOMETRIES, DEFINES THE


RETROGRADATIONAL ACCUMULATION OF SEDIMENTS ON TOP OF
THE TRANSGRESSIVE SURFACE AND LST .

• THE TOP OF THE TST WILL CONTAIN MFS AND CONDENSED SECTION,
ONTO WHICH THE HST WILL THEN DOWN LAP.

MODEL FOR TRANSGRESSIVE SYSTEM TRACT


• ELECTROLOG REPONSE TST TEND TO FINING UPWARD.

• BASINWARD, TST SEDIMENTS TEND TO THIN AND RECOGNIZED ON


SEISMIC PROFILES BY APPARENT TRUNCATION SURFACE AT THEIR
TOP.

• RESERVOIR QUALITY SANDS WITHIN TST UNITS MAY INCLUDE BEACH


AND SHORELINE FACIES.
HIGHSTAND SYSTEM TRACT
• UPPERMOST UNIT OF A DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE AND OVERLIES
THE PRECEDING TST PHASE AND IS CAPPED BY TYPE- I OR II
SEQUENCE BOUNDARY.

• RECOGNIZED ON SEISMIC PROFILES BY DOWNLAP ONTO MFS


CONDENSED SECTION.

• OCCURS WHEN THE SEDIMENT SUPPLY RATE EXCEEDS THE


ACCOMMODATION SPACE, CAUSING PARASEQUENCE DEPOSITION
AN UPWARD COARSENING OF SEDIMENTS.

• RESERVOIR QUALITY SANDS, CHARACTERIZED BY RIBBONS OF SHEET


SANDS PRODUCED BY SHORELINE FACIES.

Model for HST


SHELF MARGIN SYSTEM TRACT (SMST)

• NOT FREQUENTLY DETECTED, SINCE THEY REPRESENT A RESTRICTED


PERIOD OF DEPOSITION AT THE OUTER SHELF IN ASSOCIATION WITH
A SMALL DROP AND SUBSEQUENT RISE IN SEA LEVEL.

• FORMATION OF AN AGGRADATIONAL COMPLEX, WHICH DOWNLAPS


ONTO A TYPE- II SEQ. BOUNDARY AT OUTER SHELF.

• SMST COMPLEX MAY BE CAPPED BY EITHER A TYPE- I OR II SEQ.


BOUNDARY.

MODEL OF SHELF MARGIN SYSTEM TRACT


PARASEQUENCE

• A RELATIVELY CONFORMABLE SUCCESSION OF GENETICALLY


RELATED BEDS OR BED SETS (WITHIN PARASEQUENCE SET)
BOUNDED BY MARINE FLOODING SURFACES OR THEIR
CORRELATIVE SURFACES.

PARASEQUENCE SET

• A SUCCESSION OF GENETICALLY RELATED PARASEQUENCES


THAT FORM A DISTINCTIVE STACKING PATTERN THAT IS
BOUNDED, IN MANY CASES, BY MAJOR MARINE- FLOODING
SURFACES AND THEIR CORRELATIVE SURFACES.

-.
MAXIMUM FLOODING SURFACE (MFS)

• A MAXIMUM FLOODING SURFACE DEVELOPS DURING THE MAXIMUM


LANDWARD INCURSION OF THE SHORE- LINE. CONDENSED
SECTIONS, IN TURN, FORM WITHIN THE MFS.

• MFS EXHIBITS PELAGIC DEPOSITION AND SEDIMENT STARVED ON THE


SHELF AND SLOPE AND SEPARATES PHASES OF SHOREWARD
RETROGRADATION (TRANSGRESSION) FROM THOSE OF BASINWARD
PROGRADATION (REGRESSION).

• THE MFS IS NOT AN UNCONFORMITY AND IS THEREFORE NOT A


SEQUENCE BOUNDARY, IT REPRESENTS A FUNDAMENTAL
DEPOSITIONAL SURFACE WITHIN A SEQUENCE.

• IT CAN BE A PROMINENT AND USEFUL FEATURE IN SEISMIC


INTERPRETATION.

• MFS AND ASSOCIATED CONDENSED SECTION SOMETIMES PROVIDE A


READILY DETECTABLE REFERENCE SURFACE ON SEISMIC
RECORDS, WELL LOGS AND BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC DATA, CAN USE TO
REGIONALLY CORRELATE STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCES
PARASEQUENCE STACKING PATTERN

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