IImmunity the ability to resist infection and disease ( Protection)

Humans have two major types of protection mechanisms:

Innate (Non-specific) immunity
Adaptive (Specific) immunity
Innate (Non-specific) immunity
defense responses that do not distinguish between one threat and
another
are present at birth
include: physical barriers (e.g. skin), phagocytic cells (neutrophils,
monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils), Proteins (complement system,
Cytokines, ), inflammation & Phagocytosis.
provides body with non-specific resistance
Adaptive Immunity
Adaptive immunity is defined as the bodys ability to recognize
and defend itself against distinct invaders and their products.



Adaptive Immunity
In contrast to the innate immunity or system ( which we are born basically with) the adaptive
immunity is an ever developing system

It continues to mature throughout our life


Components or elements of Adaptive Immunity
Lymph system
Lymphocytes
Antigens
Antibodies

Organs of Adaptive Immunity
The Tissues and Organs of the Lymphatic System
Lymphoid organs
Primary lymphoid organs
Red bone marrow
Thymus
Secondary lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Tonsils
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
Types of Adaptive Immunity
Two types of adaptive immune responses
Humoral immune responses
Cell-mediated immune responses
Elements of Adaptive Immunity
Antigens
Properties of antigens
Molecules the body recognizes as foreign and worthy of
attack
Recognized by three-dimensional regions called epitopes
Include various bacterial components as well as proteins of
viruses, fungi, and protozoa
Food and dust can also contain antigenic particles

.
Elements of Adaptive Immunity
B Lymphocytes (B Cells) and Antibodies
Arise and mature in the red bone marrow
Found primarily in the spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT
Small percentage of B cells circulates in the blood
Major function is the secretion of antibodies
Elements of Adaptive Immunity
B Lymphocytes (B Cells) and Antibodies
Specificity of the B cell receptor (BCR)
Each B lymphocyte has multiple copies of the B cell receptor
Each B cell generates a single BCR
Two variable regions of the BCR form the antigen-binding sites
Each BCR recognizes only one epitope
Individuals repertoire of BCRs is capable of recognizing millions of different
epitopes
Properties of Immunity
Specificity T & B cells have specific receptors that will
allow them to only recognize & target a specific Ag; this
process is known as antigen recognition
Versatility millions of different lymphocyte populations,
each with specific Ag recognizing receptors; allows for
anticipation of potential Ags
Memory after initial exposure, long term acquired
immunity occurs through the production of memory cells;
secondary exposure results in stronger faster response to
previously recognized Ag
Tolerance immune cells recognize self-antigens &
tolerate (ignore) them, only going after foreign (non-self)
Ags
Dual Nature of Adaptive Immunity
Figure 17.8
Dual Nature of Adaptive Immunity
T and B cells develop from stem cells in red bone
marrow
Humoral immunity
B cells mature in the bone marrow
Chickens: Bursa of Fabricius
Due to antibodies
Cellular immunity
Due to T cells
T cells mature in the thymus
Dual Nature of Adaptive Immunity
T and B cells develop from stem cells in red bone
marrow
Humoral immunity
B cells mature in the bone marrow
Chickens: Bursa of Fabricius
Due to antibodies
Cellular immunity
Due to T cells
T cells mature in the thymus