Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory is a framework for analyzing and comparing cultures based on six dimensions: individualism vs collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity vs femininity, long-term orientation vs short-term normative orientation, and indulgence vs restraint. Hofstede analyzed data from over 116,000 employees across 70 countries to derive these six dimensions. The theory is widely used but has limitations such as not including all countries and ignoring within-country cultural differences. Trompenaars proposed alternative cultural dimensions based on his own cross-cultural research.
Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory is a framework for analyzing and comparing cultures based on six dimensions: individualism vs collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity vs femininity, long-term orientation vs short-term normative orientation, and indulgence vs restraint. Hofstede analyzed data from over 116,000 employees across 70 countries to derive these six dimensions. The theory is widely used but has limitations such as not including all countries and ignoring within-country cultural differences. Trompenaars proposed alternative cultural dimensions based on his own cross-cultural research.
Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory is a framework for analyzing and comparing cultures based on six dimensions: individualism vs collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity vs femininity, long-term orientation vs short-term normative orientation, and indulgence vs restraint. Hofstede analyzed data from over 116,000 employees across 70 countries to derive these six dimensions. The theory is widely used but has limitations such as not including all countries and ignoring within-country cultural differences. Trompenaars proposed alternative cultural dimensions based on his own cross-cultural research.
Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory is a framework
for cross-cultural communication, developed by Geert Hofstede. It describes the effects of a society's culture on the values of its members, and how these values relate to behavior, using a structure derived from factor analysis. The theory has been widely used in several fields as a paradigm for research, particularly in cross-cultural psychology, international management, and cross- cultural communication. Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions Individualism-collectivism Masculinity-femininity Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions (contd) Work-related value dimensions Most influential effort to group by cultural values Surveyed over 116,000 employees in more than 70 countries Created maps of pairs of dimensions Individualism-Collectivism Self-perception as individual or part of a group Most widely studied Most complex Dimensions different across cultures i.e., Asian vs Latin American collectivism Individualism-Collectivism (contd) Individualism High value on autonomy Individual achievement Privacy Collectivism High value on group Family, clan, organization Loyalty Devotion Conformity Masculinity-Femininity Describes Importance of Achievement versus Relationships Success Assertive acquisition of money/power achievement Equality of genders Caring for disadvantaged harmony Power Distance Acceptance of differences in power High-Power Distance Accept position Follow authority Concentrated & centralized authority Hierarchical Low-Power Distance Avoid concentration of authority Decentralized Fewer layers of management Low Uncertainty Avoidance Embrace unpredictable Less adherence to rules, procedures, or hierarchies Risk taking desirable High Uncertainty Avoidance Threatened by ambiguity Need stable & predictable workplace Reliance on rules Uncertainty Avoidance Reaction to ambiguous events Cultural Maps Individualism-Collectivism & Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance & Masculinity- Femininity Uncertainty Avoidance & Power Distance Individualism-Collectivism & Power Distance Large power distance and collectivism Asia and Latin America Small power distance and individualism Northern Europe and Anglo countries Culture Map for Power Distance and Individualis m Uncertainty Avoidance & Masculinity-Femininity Achievement oriented-weak uncertainty avoidance & masculine values Security Motivation-high uncertainty avoidance & masculinity Social Motivation-feminine values & high uncertainty avoidance Culture Map for Uncertainty Avoidance and Masculinity- Femininity Uncertainty Avoidance & Power Distance Family-large power distance & weak uncertainty avoidance Pyramid of People-large power distance & strong uncertainty avoidance Well-Oiled Machine-small power distance & strong uncertainty avoidance Village Market-small power distance & low uncertainty avoidance Culture Map for Power Distance and Uncertaint y Orientatio n Limitation of Hofstedes Dimensions Missing countries Estimates values Ignores differences within clusters Trompenaarss Alternative Dimensions Focus on values and relationships Survey of 15,000 managers Over 10-year period From 28 countries Bipolar cultural dimensions Trompenaarss Alternative Dimensions (contd) Outer-directedInner-directed UniversalismParticularism NeutralEmotional SpecificDiffuse AchievementAscription IndividualismCommunitarianism