Finite Element Method

Instructor:
Wong Foek Tjong, Ph.D.
TS 4466 2 Credits
2
Jul 24, 2014
Course description

The course aims to enale the students to

understand the asic concepts and
procedures o! the !inite element method
"FEM# and to appl$ the FEM $ usin% a
commercial so!t&are

Teaches understandin% o! ho& !inite element

methods &or' rather than ho& to use a
so!t&are
3
Jul 24, 2014

(raduated !rom )ni*ersitas +arah$an%an, ,andun% in

March1--4
Final pro.ect: Dynamic Analysis of Multi-degree-of-
Freedom Structures Subjected to Ergodic Random Excitation

(raduated !rom Institut Te'nolo%i ,andun% in /pril1--0

Master thesis: Active Vibration Control of Structures by sing
Artificial !eural !et"or# $bserver

(raduated !rom /sian Institute o! Technolo%$, Thailand

in Ma$ 200-
1issertation: %riging-based Finite Element Met&od for 'lates and
S&ells

Contact: &!t.on%2peter3petra3ac3id
+ ,uildin%, 4oom +402,
Tel3 6256152-0566-1
The instructor
4
Jul 24, 2014
Course outline
13 7*er*ie& o! the FEM
23 The direct sti!!ness method

Sprin% and ar s$stems

Truss structures
63 7ne5dimensional elements

,ar, eam, torsional ar elements

Frame element in 61 space

43 T&o5dimensional elements !or plane5strain8plane5
stress prolems

Constant strain trian%le element

,ilinear isoparametric 9uadrilateral element

:3 Introduction to plate and shell elements
63 /pplications o! the FEM usin% S/+2000
5
Jul 24, 2014
4e!erences

13;3 ;o%an "200<#

A First Course in t&e Finite Element Met&od
the 4
th
Ed3, Toronto, =elson

13>3 ?utton "2004#

Fundamentals of Finite Element Analysis
=e& @or', Mc(ra&5?ill

43 13 Coo', 13S3 Mal'us, M3E3 +lesha and 43J3 Aitt "2002#

Conce(ts and A((lications of Finite Element Analysis
4
th
Ed3, John Aile$ and Sons

A3 Aea*er, Jr3 and +343 Johnston "1-04#

Finite Elements for Structural Analysis
=e& Jerse$, +rentice5?all
6
Jul 24, 2014
4e!erences "contBd#

Computers and Structures, Inc3 "2006#

CS) Analysis Reference Manual, ,er'ele$, CSI

C3 Felippa "2000#
)ntroduction to Finite Element Met&ods
http:88&&&3colorado3edu8en%ineerin%8cas8cours
es3d8IFEM3d8

43 Crisna'umar "2010#
)ntroduction to Finite Element Met&ods
http:88&&&3$outue3com
">ideo o! lecture series on FEMs#
7
Jul 24, 2014
So!t&ares

MA*+A, Ver- .-/

Stron%l$ recommended so!t&are !or matriD
computation and pro%rammin%

SA' 0111 Ver- 22-1-1

For applications
8
Jul 24, 2014
(radin% &ei%hts

?ome&or' assi%nments 1:E

Mid5semester eDam 6:E

Ta'e home test 1:E

Final eDam55 pro.ect 6:E

9
Jul 24, 2014
;ate comin% to the class

The tolerance !or comin% late to the class is 20

minutes3

Those &ho come late more than 20 minutes are

=7T allo&ed to attend the class3

+lease re!er to the FFEM ;ecture +lanG !or more

academic norms
10
Jul 24, 2014
/n$ 9uestion aout the course
e!ore &e e%in &ith the
7*er*ie& o! the FEMH
11
Jul 24, 2014
1iscussion: the tas' o! a structural
en%ineer

;et ta'e a loo' on a t$pical .o *acanc$ announcement

that $ou ma$ read once $ou %raduate !rom $our stud$
12
Jul 24, 2014
13
Jul 24, 2014

Ah$ do $ou thin' a desi%n en%ineer is re9uired to

master a structural anal$sis and desi%n so!t&areH

/n en%ineer needs to understand the eha*ior o! a

structure so that he8she can ma'e .udicious decisions in
desi%n, retro!ittin%, or rehailitation o! the structure
1iscussion "contBd#
14
Jul 24, 2014
Behavior of a
Real Structure
Experiment
Replicate conditions of the
structure (possibly on a
smaller scale) and observe
the behavior of the model
Simulation
Simplifications and
assumptions of the
real structure
Mathematical
Model
Physical
Model
15
Jul 24, 2014
/n eDample o! the FEM
applications
4eal eDperiment FE simulation
It is o!ten eDpensi*e or
dan%erous
It replicates conditions o!
the real eDperiment
Source: A3J3 ,arr$ "2006#, FFEM ;ecture SlidesG, /IT Thailand
16
Jul 24, 2014
The need !or modelin%

/ real structure cannot e anal$Ied, it

can onl$ e Fload testedG to determine
the responses

Ae can onl$ anal$Ie a FmodelG o! the

structure "per!orm simulation#

Ae need to model the structure as

close as possile to represent the
eha*ior o! the real structure
Source: A3 Cano'5=u'ulchai
17
Jul 24, 2014
The idealiIation process !or a
simple structure
Source: C3 Felippa
18
Jul 24, 2014
Mathematical
Models
Analytical Solution
Techniues
!umerical Solution
Techniues
"losed#form
Solutions
$nly possible for
simple %eometries and
boundary conditions
&
'inite difference methods
&
'inite element methods
&
Boundary element methods
&
Mesh#free methods
&
etc(
19
Jul 24, 2014

It is a computational techni9ue used to otain

approDimate solutions o! en%ineerin% prolems3

In the conteDt o! structural anal$Ies, it ma$ e re%arded

as a %eneraliIed direct sti!!ness method3

The direct sti!!ness method $ou studied in MC 421: Structural

/nal$sis III is actuall$ the application o! the FEM to !rame
structures

It is ori%inated as a method o! structural anal$sis ut is

no& &idel$ used in *arious disciplines such as heat
trans!er, !luid !lo&, seepa%e, electricit$ and ma%netism,
and others3
Finite element method "1#
20
Jul 24, 2014

Modern FEM &ere !irst de*eloped and applied $

aeronautical en%ineers, i3e3 M3J3 Turner et al3, at ,oein%
compan$ in the period 1-:0s3

1-:6: The !irst engineering FEM paper

Finite element method "2#
21
Jul 24, 2014

The name F!inite element methodG &as

coined $ 43A3 Clou%h in 1-603 It is
called F!initeG in order to distin%uish &ith
Fin!initesimal elementG in Calculus3

1-6<: First FEM oo' $ 73C3

Jien'ie&icI
Finite element method "6#
22
Jul 24, 2014
Finite element method "4#

The computation is carried out automaticall$

usin% a computer or a net&or' o! computers3

The results are %enerall$ not eDact3

23
Jul 24, 2014
EDample o! applications in
structural en%ineerin%
"a# Truss
13 Framed structures
"# (rid
Source: Aea*er and Johnston, 1-04
24
Jul 24, 2014
EDample o! applications in
structural en%ineerin% "contBd#
13 Framed structures "contBd#
"c# Frame "d# /rch
Source: Aea*er and Johnston, 1-04
25
Jul 24, 2014
EDample o! applications in
structural en%ineerin% "contBd#
"a# +lane stress
23 T&o5dimensional continua
"# +lane strain
Source: Aea*er and Johnston, 1-04
26
Jul 24, 2014
EDample o! applications in
structural en%ineerin% "contBd#
"a# (eneral solid
63 Three5dimensional continua
"# /Dis$mmetric solid
Source: Aea*er and Johnston, 1-04
27
Jul 24, 2014
EDample o! applications in
structural en%ineerin% "contBd#
43 +late in endin%
Source: Aea*er and Johnston, 1-04
28
Jul 24, 2014
EDample o! applications in
structural en%ineerin% "contBd#
:3 Shells
Source: Aea*er and Johnston, 1-04
"a# (eneral shell
"# /Dis s$mmetric
shell
29
Jul 24, 2014
EDample o! applications in
structural en%ineerin% "contBd#
Source: http:88%id3cimne3upc3es8%idinpractice8%p013html
The anal$sis and
desi%n o! uildin%s
The anal$sis o! a doule
cur*ature dam ta'in% into
account soil5structure
interactions e!!ects
30
Jul 24, 2014
EDample o! applications in
structural en%ineerin% "contBd#
Source: http:88%id3cimne3upc3es8%idinpractice8%p013html
The structural anal$sis
o! an F516 aircra!t The anal$sis o! the Cathedral o!
,arcelona usin% 61 solid elements3
"courtes$ o! ,arcelona Cathedral#
31
Jul 24, 2014

Fundamental concept is discretiIation, i3e3 di*idin% a

continuum "continuous od$, structural s$stem# into a
!inite numer o! smaller and simple elements &hose
union approDimates the %eometr$ o! the continuum3

Mesh %eneration pro%rams, called preprocessors, help

the user in doin% this &or'

(i1, a so!t&are !or pre and post processor

1iscretiIation "1#
32
Jul 24, 2014
Some asic element shapes
33
Jul 24, 2014
Some 1
st
order "linear# elements
34
Jul 24, 2014
Some 2
nd
order "9uadratic#
elements
35
Jul 24, 2014

7ne su%%estion on per!ormin% discretiIation is

to di*ide structural re%ions &ith hi%h stress
concentration into !iner di*ision e3%3 in the
*icinit$ o! the support and around the hole"s#3

The accurac$ o! the results can e impro*ed $

usin% a !iner mesh "&5re!inement# or usin% a
hi%her order elements "(5re!inement#3
1iscretiIation "2#
36
Jul 24, 2014
EDamples o! discretiIation "1#
37
Jul 24, 2014
38
Jul 24, 2014
EDamples o! discretiIation "2#
x
y
z
h
D
Clamped
D=100, D/h =100
E = 2 x 10
6
; = 0.3; k =
5/6
Load: uniform q = -1E-6
76 node, 11!
elemen"
172 a#"i$e %&'
39
Jul 24, 2014
EDamples o! discretiIation "6#
Coolin( )o*er+ ,u#lear -o*er -lan"
."a/en from a 'E0 Coure -ro1e#" of
%odd2 and 3ndre, %e# 20045
150
m
40
Jul 24, 2014
Structural Model and Its EDample o!
the /nal$sis 4esults
)6e "ru#"ure i di$ided
in"o maller par" #alled
7elemen"8
0em9rane for#e #on"our in
"6e #ir#umferen"ial
dire#"ion
41
Jul 24, 2014
The FE Model &ith
a Finer Mesh
)6e "ru#"ure i modeled
*i"6 a :ner me6
)6e reul" i no* 9e""er
42
Jul 24, 2014

For (eneral purposes:

=/ST4/=, /=S@S, /1I=/, /,/K)S, etc3

For structural anal$sis, particularl$ in Ci*il En%ineerin%:

S/=S, S/+, ST//1, (T ST4)1;, etc3

For uildin% structures:

ET/,S, ,/TS etc3

For %eotechnical desi%n:

+;/LIS

For conductin% researches on earth9ua'e en%ineerin%:

14/I=521, 14/I=561, 4)/7M7C7, 7penSees etc3
EDamples o! FEM so!t&are
43
Jul 24, 2014
T$pical capailities o! a FE pro%ram

1ata %eneration

/utomatic %eneration o! nodes, elements, and restraints

Element t$pes

E3%3 S/+2000: Frame, Cale, Shell, +lane, /solid, Solid, etc3

Material eha*ior

;inear5elastic, nonlinear

;oad t$pes

Force, displacement, thermal, time5*ar$in% eDcitation

+lottin% results

7ri%inal and de!ormed %eometr$, stress contours

44
Jul 24, 2014

Coo', Mal'us, and +lesha "1-0-, pp36#

Concepts and assumptions ehind the computer codes
"FEM so!t&are# should e mastered3 En%ineers are
eDpected to e ale to use the so!t&are to %ain etter
ad*anta%es and &ill less li'el$ misuse them3

S/+2000 disclaimer
The user accepts and understands that no &arrant$ is
eDpressed or implied $ the de*elopers or the
distriutors on the accurac$ or reliailit$ o! the pro%ram3
The user must eDplicitl$ understand the assumptions o!
the pro%ram and must independentl$ *eri!$ the results3
Ah$ do &e need to stud$ the asic
theor$ o! FEMH
45
Jul 24, 2014
/n$ 9uestion e!ore &e proceed
to computational steps o! the
FEMH
46
Jul 24, 2014

1iscretiIe the structure "prolem domain#

1i*ide the structure or continuum into !inite elements

7nce the structure has een discretiIed, the

computational steps !aith!ull$ !ollo& the steps in the
direct sti!!ness method3

The direct sti!!ness method:

The %loal sti!!ness matriD o! the discrete structure are otained

$ superimposin% "assemlin%# the sti!!ness matrices o! the
element in a direct manner3
Computational steps o! the FEM5
the direct sti!!ness method
47
Jul 24, 2014

(enerate element sti!!ness matriD and element

!orce matriD !or each element3

/ssemle the element matrices to otain the

%loal sti!!ness e9uation o! the structure3

/ppl$ the 'no&n nodal loads3

Speci!$ ho& the structure is supported:

Set se*eral nodal displacements to 'no&n *alues3

Computational stepsM "contBd#
48
Jul 24, 2014

Sol*e simultaneous linear al%eraic

e9uation3
The nodal parameters "displacements#
are otained3

Calculate element stresses or stress

resultants "internal !orces#3
(eneral steps o! the FEM "contBd#
49
Jul 24, 2014
/n$ 9uestion e!ore &e
continue to a rie! introduction
to M/T;/,H
50
Jul 24, 2014

Suppose $ou &ant to calculate the natural

!re9uenc$ "?I# o! a S17F s$stem &ith the
mass mN100 '% and sti!!ness #N: C=8m

The !ormula is

T$pe in the Command Aindo&:

OOmN100
OO'N:P1000
OO !N18"2Ppi#Ps9rt"'8m#
EDample
)
* *
k
f
m

= =
51
Jul 24, 2014
Edit81eu% Aindo&
Cli#/ "6i i#on "o open
a ne* Edi"/%e9u(
*indo*
52
Jul 24, 2014

/rra$ operations are operations per!ormed

et&een arra$s on an element5$5element
asis, e3%3
OO /NQ 1 2R 6 4S, ,NQ51 6R 52 1S
OO /T,, /T4

Common arra$ operations:

/rra$ multiplication "/ 3P ,#

/rra$ ri%ht di*ision "/ 38 ,#

/rra$ le!t di*ision "/ 3U ,# , in the numerator

/rra$ eDponential "/ 3V ,#

/rra$ and matriD operations
53
Jul 24, 2014

MatriD operations !ollo& the normal rules o!

linear al%era, e3%3
OO /NQ 1 2R 6 4S
OO ,NQ51 6R 52 1S
OO /P,

Ahat is the di!!erent et&een /3V6 and /V6H

;e #areful "o di"in(ui6 9e"*een arra2
opera"ion and ma"rix opera"ion in 2our 03)L3;
#ode
54
Jul 24, 2014
Sol*in% a set o! linear al%eraic
e9uations
)) ) )* * ) )
*) ) ** * * *
) ) * *
n n
n n
n n nn n n
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
L
L
0
L
)6e e<ua"ion #an 9e *ri""en in ma"rix
form a follo*:
= Ax b
55
Jul 24, 2014

M/T;/, command to sol*e the

e9uations:
OO DN / U , "le!t di*ision operator#

7ther commands related to linear

al%era:
OO det "/#
OO ran' "/#
OO in* "/#
Sol*in% a set o! linear al%eraic
e9uations "contBd#
56
Jul 24, 2014
+lease loo' at the Matla
Tutorial !older to learn more
aout Matla
57
Jul 24, 2014
?ome&or' "due date neDt class#
13 Arite an essa$ eDplainin% "approD3 :00
&ords#:

Ahat is !inite element methodH

Ah$ do $ou interested to ta'e this course

"TS4466 Finite Element Method#H Ahat do
$ou eDpectH
23 1i*ide the !ollo&in% continuum into !inite
elements:
58
Jul 24, 2014
?ome&or' "2#
59
Jul 24, 2014
?ome&or' "6#
63 1i*ide this e9uilateral trian%le into se*eral 9uadrilateral
elements3 @ou are not allo&ed to use a trian%ular
element3
43 Sol*e the !ollo&in% simultaneous al%eraic e9uations
usin% Matla3
60
Jul 24, 2014
EDplain &h$ the second e9uation "=o3 # does not ha*e
a uni9ue solutionH "Connect this !act &ith the
determinant and the ran' o! the coe!!icient matriD#
+,, *+, *+, --
*+, -,, )+, ..
/,, )+, /,, //
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
+ =
+ =
+,, *+, *+, --
*+, -,, )+, ..
)*+ /,, 0+ //
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ =
+ =
+ =
a3
3