PRESENTED BY :

NAME : TANNUM NEGI

COURSE : B-ARCH
ROLL NO : 24
SEMESTER : 5TH
CONTENTS :
VENTILATION
- INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF VENTILATION
CHOICE BETWEEN NATURAL
AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION
NATURAL VENTILATION
- DESIGN CONSIDERATION
- FACTORS AFFECTING
- TYPES OF NATURAL VENTILATION



MECHANICAL VENTILATION
- INTRODUCTION
- DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
- TYPES
VENTILATION:
Ventilating (the V in HVAC) is the process of
"changing" or replacing air in any space to provide
high indoor air quality.
Ventilation is used to remove unpleasant smells and
excessive moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne
bacteria, and carbon dioxide , introduce outside air to
keep circulation, and to prevent stagnation of the
interior air.
Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the
outside as well as circulation of air within the building.
Good ventilation is essential for the
comfort and safety of building
occupants, also a standard legal
minimum requirement.
We need to be aware of the different
types of ventilation systems for proper
functioning of a building.
These may be uniform throughout the
building or differ for different areas
(zones) of the building for example the
kitchen and toilets.
Types of ventilation
Mechanical or forced ventilation:
Through an air handling unit, air conditioners ,coolers or
direct injection to a space by a ceiling fan, exhaust fan can
enhance the ventilation air flow rate.
Natural ventilation :
Occurs when the air in a space is changed with outdoor air
without the use of mechanical systems, such as a fan. Most
often natural ventilation is assured through windows , also
through temperature and pressure differences between
spaces
CHOICES BETWEEN NATURAL OR
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

The choice between natural or mechanical ventilation will
depend on several factors:
Volume of air required
Quality of air required
Consistency of control required
Separation from external or local environment
Cost of system
The ventilation flow rates that can be achieved
by natural ventilation are limited. For high
flow rates mechanical ventilation is needed.
Natural ventilation systems is economical(
cheaper to install) and easy to operate than
mechanical systems.
Natural ventilation systems in their simplest
form have no maintenance requirements as
there are no mechanical parts or associated
energy costs.
Natural ventilation provides little or no
opportunity to treat the incoming air supply. If
the air has to be cooled, heated or filtered
mechanical ventilation will be necessary.

Natural ventilation i.e. Open windows or
vents are not a good choice for ventilating a
basement (or below ground structure).
Allowing outside air into cooler below
ground space causes problems with
humidity and condensation.
Consistency and full control of ventilation
is not possible with natural ventilation
systems. If a building is located in a noisy
town centre it may not be possible to
provide adequate natural ventilation
without excessive sound transmission.
NATURAL VENTILATION
DESCRIPTION
Natural ventilation, unlike fan-forced ventilation, uses the
natural forces of wind and buoyancy .
Ventilation of a building with outside air without the use
of a fan or other mechanical system. It can be achieved
with openable windows or trickle vents when the spaces to
ventilate are small .
In warm or humid months, in many climates,
maintaining thermal comfort solely via natural ventilation
may not be possible so conventional air conditioning
systems are used as backups
Natural ventilation system can be
considered as a circuit, with equal
consideration given to supply and
exhaust.
Openings between rooms such as
transom windows, louvers, grills, or
open plans are techniques to
complete the airflow circuit through
a building.
Code requirements regarding smoke
and fire transfer present challenges
to the designer of a natural
ventilation system.
DESIGN FACTORS :
Suitability of natural ventilation Most
suited to:
Buildings with a narrow plan or atria
with floor plate width of 15 m or less
Sites with minimal external air and noise
pollution
Open plan layouts
Natural ventilation Not suited to:
Buildings with a deep floor plan
Buildings that require precise temp. &
humidity control
Buildings with individual offices or small
spaces
Locations with poor air quality
BASIC ADVANTAGES :
The benefits of natural ventilation include:
Improved Indoor air quality
Energy savings
Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
Occupant control
Increased worker productivity
TYPES OF NATURAL
VENTILATION
Natural Ventilation is mainly of three types :
1. Single-sided ventilation
and Cross ventilation
2. Stack ventilation

SINGLE SIDED VENTILATION
CROSS VENTILATION
WIND-WARD VENTILATION
Single-sided ventilation: This relies on two properties of the wind pressure
distribution over a single room facade firstly the spatial distribution of
pressure . This will cause air to flow between two openings at different
pressure, even if they are both at a positive pressure. Secondly, fluctuations
in wind speed due to turbulence, will create a pumping action, where small
inflows will be followed by outflows, via a single opening.

Cross-ventilation single space: This is the classic case where a single
banked room has openings on the windward and leeward side. With deep
open plan layouts, the main limitation will be providing sufficient fresh air
via the windward openings, to meet the demands of the whole floor (or
rather its occupants), without causing disturbance to the occupants sitting
close to the window. Related to this, is the fact that the air quality will
diminish as it picks up pollutants (or heat) as it crosses the floor. For this
reason, it is unlikely that cross-ventilation of this type is applicable to floor
plans greater than 5 times the floor-ceiling height.



CROSS - VENTILATION
Cross-ventilation with
double (or more) banked
rooms: This can be
achieved by openings in
the corridor partition, but
is generally unsatisfactory
since the ventilation of the
leeward room, relies on
the occupant of the
windward room, and,
according to the use type
of the building, may also
have acoustic and hygiene
problems.


STACK VENTILATION
Stack ventilation, can operate when no wind pressure is
available.
It can also operate in deep plan buildings where the
distance from openings in the perimeter, and the presence
of partitions, make wind-driven cross ventilation
impractical.
The stack normally provides extraction of the warm air.
Equal consideration must be given to the provision of
openings and flow routes for the supply of fresh air.
The effectiveness of the stack effect, i.e. the volume of air
that it drives, is dependent upon the height of the stack,
the difference between the average temperature of the
stack and the outside, and the effective area of the
openings.
PASSIVE STACK VENTILATION
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Mechanical ventilation is usually accepted as being the use of ducted air
distributed to and from centrally located fans with the addition of air filtration,
heating, cooling, humidification or heat recovery. Such systems are usually only
installed in commercial buildings but are sometimes essential for the operation
of the building. Hospitals, for example, require areas to be sterile and this
usually implies that there are no windows in these areas. The only recourse to
achieve a suitable indoor air quality is for some form of mechanical ventilation
system.

Windows in large offices located in the centres of cities cannot be opened for
reasons of security, noise or the ingress of dust and dirt. In such cases
mechanical ventilation will be necessary. In summer these buildings may be
subject to overheating, especially if a large area of the faade is glazed. To
maintain suitable indoor air temperatures the warm, stale air is extracted and
replaced by external air that is cooled before being ducted to the offices. It is
likely that this type of system will also include filters to extract incoming air
pollutants. In this way not only is ventilation provided but the air is
conditioned either by filtering unwanted pollutants or by cooling or in some
cases by heating. These systems are known generically as Air Conditioning
systems because they modify the incoming air supply.

DESIGN FACTORS

Design principles:
1. Exhaust close to pollutant
generation
2. Effective local extracts
3. Supply to the breathing zone
4. Supply air to clean areas
5. More extract from dirty
areas
6. Transfer air from clean to
dirty areas
AIR CONDITIONERS:
An air conditioner is
a major or home
appliance, system,
or mechanism designed to
change the air temperature
and humidity within an
area. The cooling is typically
done using a
simple refrigeration cycle, but
sometimes evaporation is
used, commonly for comfort
cooling in buildings
CEILING FANS :
A ceiling fan is a mechanical fan,
usually electrically powered,
suspended from the ceiling of a room,
that uses hub-mounted rotating
paddles to circulate air.
A ceiling fan rotates much more slowly
than an electric desk fan; it cools
people effectively by introducing slow
movement into the otherwise still, hot
air of a room, inducing evaporative
cooling.
Fans never actually cool air, unlike air-
conditioning equipment, but use
significantly less power (cooling air is
thermodynamically expensive)
VENTILATOR FAN
f you have a hot room in an otherwise
comfortable house, you can pump
existing cool air into that hot room
using a special fan installed in the wall
or floor
No extra cooling costs. The level-to-level
ventilator fan (shown) moves existing
cool air from one level (from the
basement or a mini-split system, for
example) to another level of the house
through an adjustable sleeve installed
through the floor/ceiling.P
A ventilator fan can blow conditioned
air up or down, depending on the
position of the blower unit. There are
also room-to-room ventilator fans to
move the conditioned air
WHOLE HOUSE FAN
A powerful fan draws cooler
early morning and evening
air through open doors and
windows and forces it up
through the attic and out
the roof vents. This sends
hot air up and out, cooling
your house and your attic.
These fans are commonly
mounted in an upstairs
stairwell or hallway ceiling
where there's at least 3 ft. of
clearance above the fan.
EXHAUST/ VENTILATION FANS :
Kitchens and bathrooms typically have
mechanical exhaust to control odors and
sometimes humidity. Kitchens have additional
problems to deal with such as smoke and grease
(see kitchen ventilation). Factors in the design
of such systems include the flow rate (which is
a function of the fan speed and exhaust vent
size) and noise level. If ducting for the fans
traverse unheated space (e.g., an attic), the
ducting should be insulated as well to prevent
condensation on the ducting. Direct drive fans
are available for many applications, and can
reduce maintenance needs
Local exhaust fans are often used in rooms with
high moisture to provide source control
when neededmost commonly kitchens and
bathrooms, but laundries, utility rooms and
lavatories may also have local exhaust fans.
Local exhausts fans are not intended to
dilute contaminants, but rather to remove them
while they are still concentrated. As such,
they are source control measure rather than
ventilation in the normal sense
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