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Chapter 1: Introduction
Purpose of Database Systems
Database Languages
Relational Databases
Database Design
Data Models
Database Internals
Integrity problems
Integrity constraints $e1g1 account balance 2 3& become
4buried5 in program code rather than being stated
e*plicitly
tomicity of updates
/et+or' model
Relational model
#I7RRC#ICL M!D7L
simlicity
Data integrity
7.ciency
Disad"antages
Implementation comple*ity
Implementation limitations
Program comple*ity
/et+or'
!peration :@
Insert
Update
Dalete
Retrie"al
ad"antages
Data integrity
Database standards
Data independence
disad"antages
System comple*ity
!perational anomalies
DML@modify( insert(delete(retri"e
DCL@C!MMI8(R!LL %CB
DDL@Create(alter(drop(grant
Data Manipulation Language
$DML&
PML has become the basis for all ne+ generation data
interchange formats1
Storage management
Duery processing
8ransaction processing
Storage Management
Storage access
6ile organi)ation
Inde*ing and hashing
Duery Processing
11 Parsing and translation
F1 !ptimi)ation
H1 7"aluation
8ransaction Management
transaction is a collection of operations that performs a
single logical function in a database application
Database tuning
Database rchitecture
8he architecture of a database systems is greatly in?uenced by
the underlying computer system on +hich the database is
running:
Centrali)ed
Client@ser"er
Distributed
6igure 11J
6igure 11I