THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM
SKELETON


v comes from the

Greek word
meaning “dried up
body”
v
v Contributes to
body shape and
form
v
v an adult human
has 206 bones
 FUNCTIONS OF THE
SKELETON
1. SUPPORT- (ex.)the bones of the legs act as
pillars to support the body trunk when we
stand.
2. PROTECTION- (ex.) the fused bones of the skull
provide a snug enclosure for the brain.
3. MOVEMENT- skeletal muscles, attached to bones
by tendons, use the bones as levers to move
the body and its parts.
4. STORAGE- bone itself serves as storehouse for
minerals, fat, and small amount of calcium in
its ion form.
5. BLOOD CELL FORMATION- blood cell formation
or hematopoiesis occurs within the bone
marrow cavities of certain bones
 CLASSIFICATION OF
BONES
ACCORDING TO TYPES

ØSPONGY
DENSE AND LOOKS SMOOTH BONE- IS COMPOSED OF SMALL NEEDLELIKE PIEC
AND HOMOGENEOUS
 vTYPICALLY LONGER THAN THEY ARE WIDE
LO

v
N vMOSTLY COMPACT BONES
v
G vALL THE BONES OF THE LIMBS, EXCEPT THE WRIST A
BO
NE
S

Acc S 

ordi H vGENERALLY CUBE-SHAPED AND CONTAIN MOSTLY O

v
OR
ng T vBONES OF THE WRIST AND ANKLE

to BO
sha NE
pe S
 F
LA vARE THIN, FLATTENED, AND USUALLY CURVED
v
T vMOST BONES OF THE SKULL, THE RIBS, AND THE STERNU

B
O
N
ES
ACC IR

vbones which, from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped as l
RE
ORD GU vThe vertebrae, which make up the spinal column, and the hip

ING LA
R
TO BO
SHA NE
PE S
DIVISIONS OF THE
SKELETON
 AXIAL
SKELETON
the bones that
form the
longitudinal
axis of the
body

 APPENDICULAR
SKELETON the
bones of the limbs
and girdles
AX IAL
SKELETO
N Th e
sk u ll

Th e Bon y
Th or a x

Th e Ve r t e b r a l Colu m n
I. The SKULL


v is the bony framework of

the head.
v It is comprised of the
eight cranial and
fourteen facial
bones.
v The shapes and features
of the human skull
determine much of
the static
appearances of the
face and provide the
basis for the features
of physiognomy. 
 A.CRANIUM

BONE LOCATION DESCRIPTION

FRONTAL BONE t op of face (forehead) Forms the forehead, the bony projections under the eyebrows,
and front t op of head and the superior part of each eye’s orbit

PARIETAL t op and side of head a major cranial bone that forms part of the top, back, and
BONES side of the head and roughly covers the parietal lobe of
the brain

TEMPORAL side of the head, above the a cranial bone on the side of the head that roughly
BONES ear covers the temporal lobe of the brain; it extends down
behind the ear towards the jaw

OCCIPITAL the lower rear of the head a major cranial bone at the lower back of the head;
BONE covers occipital lobe of the brain

SPHENOID temple and eye orbit area a cranial bone that forms part of the eye cavity
BONE

ETHMOID eye cavity a cranial bone forming part of the eye cavity
BONE
 B. FACIAL
BONES
BONES LOCATION DESCRIPTION
MAXILLAE upper part of jaw the two maxillae form the center of the face with many attaching
muscles; carry the upper teeth; form part of the eye orbit; act like
keystones into which the other facial bones fit

PALATINE Posterior part of the The paired palatine bones lie posterior palatine processes of the maxillae.
BONES hard palate Failure of these or the palatine processes to fuse medially results in cleft
palate.
ZYGOMATIC
BONES cheek the principal cheek bone; origin of zygomatic and other facial
muscles
LACRIMAL inner corner of eye a small bone forming a cavity for the tear gland, each lacrimal bone
BONES socket has a groove that serves as a passageway for tears (lacrima=tear)

NASAL
BONES nose The small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose .
VOMER
BONE nasal cavity a facial bone on the centerline of the nose that forms part of the
nasal cavity
INFERIOR Lateral walls of the Are thin, curved bones projecting from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
NASAL nasal cavity
CONCHAE
MANDIBLE lower part of jaw The lower jaw bone is the only skull bone that moves, i.e., during
mastication, speech, and expression; carries the lower teeth
 RED ARE CRANIAL BONES
 BLACK ARE FACIAL BONE
 BLUE ARE FEATURES OF
THE BONES
e bony thorax.

ones around the organs of the thoracic cavity (heart, lungs, and major blood vesse
 A. STERNUM- A
TYPICAL FLAT BONE AND A
RESULT OF THE FUSION OF
THREE BONES: MANUBRIUM,
BODY, XIPHOID PROCESS

 MANUBRIUM- also called
the "handle“, It is
connected to the first
two ribs.

 BODY- also called the
"blade" or the
"gladiolus“, connects
the third to seventh
ribs directly and the
eighth through tenth
ribs indirectly.

 XIPHOID PROCESS-also
called the "tip“, It is
often cartilaginous
(cartilage), but does
become bony in later
B. THE RIBS-
 are thin, flat,
curved bones that form a
protective cage around the
organs in the upper body. They
are comprised 24 bones
arranged in 12 pairs.


 TRUE RIBS-The first seven

bones, connected directly to
the breastbone or sternum
by a strips of cartilage called
the costal cartilage.


 FALSE RIBS- The next three

pairs of bones, instead of
being attached directly to
the sternum in front, the
false ribs are attached to
the lowest true rib.


 FLOATING RIBS-The last

two sets of rib bone, They
are attached to the spine
at the back, but are not
connected to anything in
 III. THE VERTEBRAL
COLUMN
v (also called the
backbone, spine, or
spinal column)
consists of a series of
33 irregularly shaped
bones, called
vertebrae.
v
v These 33 bones are
divided into five
categories depending
on where they are
located in the
backbone.
v
v CERVICAL VERTEBRAE,
THORACIC
VERTEBRAE, LUMBAR
 BONE
CERVICAL
DESCRIPTION
The first seven vertebrae


VERTEBRAE Located at the top of the spinal column, these



bones form a flexible framework for the neck and

support the head.
THORACIC The next twelve vertebrae


VERTEBRAE These bones move with the ribs to form the rear


anchor of the rib cage.

LUMBAR These five bones are the largest vertebrae in the
VERTEBRAE spinal column.
These vertebrae support most of the body's weight

and are attached to many of the back muscles.

SACRUM is a triangular bone located just below the lumbar

vertebrae.
It consists of four or five sacral vertebrae in a

child, which become fused into a single bone after

age 26.
forms the back wall of the pelvic girdle and moves

with it.

COCCYX The bottom of the spinal column

It consists of 3-5 bones that are fused together in

an adult.
Also called the tailbone

TERVERTEBRAL DISC- made of fibrous cartilage that act as shock absorbers and allow the b
 TYPES OF ABNORMAL SPINAL
CURVATURE
1 . SCOLIOSIS
 is a medical condition in
which a person's
spine is curved from
side to side, shaped
like an "s", and may
also be rotated.
 CAUSES
1. congenital (caused by
vertebral anomalies
present at birth),
2. idiopathic (sub-classified as
infantile, juvenile,
adolescent, or adult
TREATMENT
according to when 1 . BODY BRACIN G-is n or m a lly d on e w h e n
onset occurred),
3. having developed as a
secondary symptom of
another condition, such
as spina bifida, cerebral
palsy, spinal muscular
atrophy or due 2 . SURGERY- is u su a lly in d ica t e d f or
to physical trauma.
SYMPTOMS
1 . Un e v e n
. m u scu la t u r e on
on e sid e of t h e
sp in e
2 . Un e v e n h ip , r ib
ca g e ,
a n d sh ou ld e r le ve
ls
3 . Asym m e t r ic size or
loca t ion of b r e a st
in fe m a le s
4 . D iff e r e n t h e ig h t s
of t h e sh ou ld e r s
t h e p a t ie n t h a s b on e g r ow t h
r e m a in in g , a n d is g e n e r a lly
im ple m e n t e d in or d e r t o h old t h e
cu r ve a n d p r e ve n t it f r om p r og r e ssin g
t o t h e p oin t w h e r e su r g e r y is
in d ica t e d.
curves that have a high likelihood of
progression, curves that cause a significant
2 . KYPHOSIS
§also called "hunchback", in a
general term, is a common SYMPTOMS
condition of a curvature of 1.
the upper (thoracic) spine. 2.bowing of the back
3.
4.slouching back and
§CAUSES breathing
1.degenerative diseases (such difficulties
as arthritis)
2.developmental problems,
osteoporosis with
compression fractures of
the vertebrae
3.trauma

TREATMENTS
1.BODY BRACES (ORTHOSIS)
2.SPECIALIZED PHYSICAL THERAPY
3.SURGERY
3 . LORDOSIS
(commonly referred to
as swayback, saddle back, SYMPTOMS
or hyper-lordosis) is a 1.
medical term used to 2.overly-concave
describe an inward shape of the
curvature of a portion of back
the vertebral column 3.
4.lower back pain
 CAUSES
1.difference of thickness
between the anterior and
posterior part of
the intervertebral disc
2.Imbalances in muscle TREATMENTS
strength and length 1.strengthening the abdominal muscles and
3.excessive visceral fat hamstrings
4.pregnancy 2.Back hyper-extensions on a Roman chair
or inflatable ball will strengthen the back
muscles.
3.Physical therapy
 Gender-based differences
FEMALE
vThe shape of a female pelvis is flatter, more rounded and proportionally l
v
hicker and v women
longer tendand
limbs to have
digit narrower rib cages, smaller teeth, less angular mand
bones (phalanges)

eatures are more pronounced

Ice breaker
 v
v Composed of 126
bones of the
limbs
(appendages)and
the pectoral and
AP pelvic girdle.
v
PE v Anchors the
ND appendages to
the axial skeleton
IC v
UL v The word
appendicular is
AR the adjective of
SK the noun
appendage which
EL itself means a
ET part that is joined
to something
ON larger. 
v
Upper Extremities

1.SHOULDER GIRDLE
2.
3.ARM
4.
5.FOREARM
6.
7.HANDS
 le or PECTORAL
1. Shoulder Gird
GIRDLE

qset of bones which connect

the upper limb to the axial
skeleton on each side.

qConsists of two bones, THE

SCAPULA AND THE
CLAVICLE
q
qExceptionally flexible that
allows the upper limb to
have free movement
q
qIs very easily dislocated
 S
 vshoulder blade
v
C vis the bone that connects the humerus (arm bone) w
v
A vforms the posterior (back) located part of the should

P
U
LA
PECT vcolla r b on e
C
ORAL vPARTS- conoid t u b e r cle – t r a p e zoid lin e – cost a l tu
GIRDL LA
v
vis a doubly curved short bone that connects the arm (upper limb) to the body
E/SHO VI
ULDE
R CL
GIRDL E
E
2. ARM
 or brachium, is technically only
the region between the
shoulder and elbow.
 It consists of a single long bone
called the humerus.

 HUMERUS
v the longest bone in the
upper extremity
v The top, or head, is large,
smooth, and rounded and
fits into the scapula in the
shoulder
v On the bottom of the
humerus, are two
depressions where the
humerus connects to the
ulna and radius of the
forearm
v  The bottom of the humerus
protects the ulnar nerve
and is commonly known as
the "funny bone" because
striking the elbow on a
hard surface stimulates the
 3. forearm
 is the structure and
distal region of
the upper limb,
between
the elbow and the
wrist
 Consists of two bones,
THE RADIUS AND
THE ULNA
 THE RADIUS
v extends from the lateral
side of the elbow to
the thumb side of
the wrist.
v
 THE ULNA
v In anatomical position
the ulna is placed at
the medial side of
 v consists of three parts

E HAND
.TH
(the wrist, palm, and
4.T five fingers) and 27 bones.
v
 THE WRIST
v Or carpus, consists of 8 small
bones called the carpal bones
that are tightly bound by
ligaments.
v
 THE PALM
v or metacarpus consists of five
metacarpal bones, one aligned
with each of the fingers.
v The metacarpal bones are not
named but are numbered I to V
starting with the thumb
v
 THE FINGERS
v are made up of 14 bones
called phalanges.
v A single finger bone is called
a phalanx
LOWER
EXTREMITIES
1.PELVIC GIRDLE
2.
3.THIGH
4.
5.LEG
6.
7.FOOT
1 . PELVIC GIRDLE
 also called the hip
girdle
 The bones of the pelvic
girdle are large and
heavy, and they are
attached securely at
the axial skeleton
 Bearing weight is the
most important
function of this
girdle
 The reproductive
organs, urinary
bladder, and part of
the large intestine
lie within and are
protected by the
bony pelvis
 Each hip bone is
formed by the
fusion of three
 1. Th e fe m a le in le t is
la r g e r a n d m ore
cir cu la r
2. Th e fe m a le p e lvis
M
a s a w h ole is
AL sh a llow e r, a n d
b on e s a r e lig h t e r
E a n d t h in n e r
3. Th e fe m a le ilia
Gen fla re m or e
la t e r a lly
der- 4. Th e fe m a le
sa cr u m is sh or t e r
bas  a n d m or e cu r ve d
F 5. Th e fe m a le isch ia l
ed E sp in e s a r e
diff M sh or t e r a n d
fa r t h e r a p a r t ,
ere AL t h u s t h e ou t le t is
la r g e r
nce E 6. Th e fe m a le p u b ic
a rch is m or e
s r ou n d e d b e ca u se
t h e a n g le of t h e
p u b ic a r ch is
 2. THIGH
 The thigh is the region
between the hip and
the knee and is
composed of a single
bone called
the femur or
thighbone


 FEMUR
 The heaviest, longest,
largest and the strongest
bone in the body
 It forms part of the hip and
part of the knee
 There are four eminences, or
protuberances, in the
human femur: the head,
the greater trochanter,
the lesser trochanter,
and the lower extremity
 Neck of the femur is common
fracture site, especially
 patella
 The patella or
kneecap is a large,
triangular
sesamoid bone
between the femur
and the tibia

 It is formed in
response to the
strain in the
tendon that forms
the knee

 protects the knee
joint and
strengthens the
tendon that forms
the knee
3 . LEG qCon sist s of t w o b on e s
t h e t ib ia a n d t h e f ib u la

TIBIA
vAlso called shinbone
v
vis the larger and stronger of the
two bones in the leg below
the knee in vertebrates and
connects the knee with the ankle
bones

FIBULA
vAlso called the calf bone

vIts upper extremity is small,

placed toward the back of the head
of the tibia, below the level of
the knee-joint, and excluded from
the formation of this joint
v
vThe lateral malleolus forms the
outer part of the ankle
4. foot
 Composed of tarsals,
metatarsals, and
phalanges
 Has two important
functions:
1. It supports our body
weight
2. Serves as a lever that
allows us to
propel our bodies
forward when we
walk and run
 Calcaneus and talus
carried most of
the body weight
JOINTS FUN CTION ALLY
q Also called 1. SYN ARTH ROSES- im m ovable
joint s (sut ures of t he skull)
articulations
2. AM PH IARTH ROSES- slight ly
q Holds bones together m ovable joint s (ribs
securely connect ed t o t he st ernum )
q Give the rigid skeleton 3. D IARTH ROSES- freely
mobility m ovable joint s (joint s of t he
q Joints are classified in lim bs)
two
ways~functionally STRUCTION ALLY
and structionally 1. FI BROUS JOI N TS-bones are
unit ed by fibrous t issue
(sut ures of t he skull)
2. CARTI LAGIN OUS JOIN TS- t he
bone ends are connect ed by
cart ilage (int ervert ebral
joint s)
3. SYN OV IAL JOI N TS- bone ends
are separat ed by a joint cavit y
cont aining synovial fluid (all
t he joint s of t he lim bs)
Types of synovial joints based on
shape

1.PLANE JOINT-Flat or 2.HINGE JOINT- A convex

slightly flat surfaces 3.PIVOT JOINT-
projection on one bone Rounded or conical
move against each fits into a concave
other allowing sliding surfaces of one bone
depression in another fit into a ring of one
or twisting without permitting only flexion
any circular or tendon allowing
and extension as in the rotation
movement elbow joints.
 5.SADDLE JOINT- This type
of joint occurs when the 6.BALL AND SOCKET
4.CONDYLOID JOINT- JOINT- The ball-
Oval shaped condyle touching surfaces of two
bones have both concave shaped end of one
fits into elliptical
and convex regions with bone fits into a cup
cavity of another
the shapes of the two shaped socket on the
allowing angular
bones complementing one other bone allowing
motion but not
other and allowing a wide the widest range of
rotation
range of movement motion including
rotation
PROBLEMS OF THE
JOINT
 ARTHRITIS- (from
Greek arthro-, joint + -itis,
inflammation; plural:
arthritides) is a group of
conditions involving damage
to the joints of the body
TYPES OF ARTH RITIS
1. OSTEOARTH RITIS ( OA)
vmost common form of arthritis
vAlso called “wear-and-tear arthritis”
vOver the years, there is softening, fraying,
and eventual breakdown of the cartilage
vMost common affected are those joints of the
fingers, the cervical and lumbar joints of
the spine, and joints of the limbs (knees
and hips)
vSYMPTOMS: the exposed bones thickens;
stiffness and lessening with the activity of
the affected joint; crunching sound when
moved
vTREATMENT: symptoms are controllable
with mild analgesic; moderate activity;
capsaicin; glucosamine sulfate
2.RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA)
vIs chronic inflammatory disorder
vAffects 3x as many women as men
vMany joints particularly those of the fingers,
wrists, ankle, and feet are affected at the same
time usually in a symmetrical manner(ex. If the
right elbow is affected, most likely the left
elbow will be affected too.)
vTREATMENT : methotrexate and cyclosporin;
aspirin; exercise; cold packs; replacement
joints or bone removal.
3.GOUTY ARTHRITIS (GOUT)
vIs a disease in which uric acid (a normal waste
product of nucleic acid metabolism)
accumulates in the blood and maybe
deposited as needle-shaped crystals in the
soft tissues of the bones.
vOften affects the great toe
vIf left untreated it would lead to bone ends fuse
and joint become immobilized
vMost common in males
vTREATMENT: colchicine; ibuprofen; patients are
advised to lose weight if obese; avoid food
such as livers, kidneys, and sardines which
are high in nucleic acid; avoid alcohol, which
inhibits excretion of nucleic acid by kidney
 BONE FRACTURES
1 . CLOSED OR SIMPLE
FRACTURE- a fracture in TREATMENT
which bone breaks cleanly
but does not penetrate the qREDUCTION- the realignment of the
skin broken bone ends
2. 
3 . OPEN OR COMPOUND
In closed reduction, the bone ends are
FRACTURE- when the broken
coaxed back into their normal position
bone ends penetrate
by the physician’s hands
through the skin

In open reduction, surgery is
performed and the bone ends are
secured together with pins or wires.
After the broken bone is reduced, it is
immobilized by a cast or traction to
allow the healing process to begin.
CO
FRACTURE DESCRIPTION COMMENT
M
TYPE
GREENSTIC Bone breaks incompletely Common in children whose bones are
M more flexible than adults
K
SPIRAL Ragged break occurs when excessive Common sport fracture
O twisting forces are applied to a bone
COMMINUT Bones break into many fragments Particularly common in the aged, whose
N bones are more brittle
ED
TRANSVER Aacross
fracture in which the break is Hard to notice
TY the bone, at a right angle
SE
IMPACTED Broken bone endsof
to the long axis arethe
forced
bone.into Commonly occurs when one attempts to
PE each other break a fall with outstretched arms
COMPRESSI Bone is crushed Common in porous bones (i.e.,
S osteoporotic bones)
ON
OF
FR
AC
TU
RE
  CAUSES
osteoporosis v Estrogen Levels: Estrogen protects
bones, so if you have low estrogen
q is a bone thinning disease that levels, you're more at risk for
affect half of women over 65 and developing osteoporosis
20% of men over the age of 70.
v Low Body Weight: Petite and small
q boned women (under 130 pounds)
q a disease of bone that leads to an have less bone mass to begin with,
increased risk of fracture so they need to be particularly
vigilant about their bone health.
 v Diet: Every day, you should be getting
the proper amounts of various
minerals and vitamins that promote
bone growth (CALCIUM,VIT. D,
Phosphorous, magnesium, vitamin
K, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12)
v Exercise: A good workout routine will
strengthen your bones, and you
should have a mix of weight-
bearing exercise (e.g., walking) and
strengthening exercises (e.g.,
weight lifting)
v Smoking: Smoking can increase your
chances for getting osteoporosis in
a few ways—the chemicals make it
harder for your body to use calcium,
plus they make it harder for
estrogen to do one of its jobs and
osteoporosi  TREATMENT
s
v HRT (Hormone replacement
therapy) - for women going
through the menopause HRT helps
prevent bone density loss, thus
 SYMPTOMS reducing the risk of fractures
during treatment.
ü Joint pains v Bisphosphonates - these help
ü Difficulty standing prevent bone density loss and are
non-hormonal drugs.
ü Difficulty sitting up v Calcitonin - this inhibits the cells
straight. The that break down bone

stooping position v Calcium and vitamin D

supplements - these may help
often seen among older patients lower their risk of
elderly people is a hip fractures

visible sign of v SERMs (Selective estrogen

receptor modulators) - these
possible drugs help prevent bone density
osteoporosis. loss
v Stem cell therapy - scientists
v report that stem cells could
halt osteoporosis, promote
bone growth - and new
pathways that controls bone
remodeling.
TAKE CARE OF YOUR
BONES
 Set a Benchmark- Check
out your bones with one
or more simple tests
 Calcium + Vitamin D +
Weight-Bearing
Exercise = Good Bone
Health- Calcium and
Vitamin D are essential to
maintaining your bone
heath
 Diet, Sun, and
Supplements-
Ordinarily, we can manage
our recommended calcium
needs with calcium-rich
foods and by getting at
least 10 to 15 minutes of
sun exposure twice a
week. 
 PRACTICE A
 Exercise for Good HEALTHY
Bones- There are so LIFESTYLE
many health reasons to
make exercise part of your
life, but one of the most
END