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SKELETAL SYSTEM
SKELETON
ØSPONGY
DENSE AND LOOKS SMOOTH BONE- IS COMPOSED OF SMALL NEEDLELIKE PIEC
AND HOMOGENEOUS
vTYPICALLY LONGER THAN THEY ARE WIDE
LO
v
N vMOSTLY COMPACT BONES
v
G vALL THE BONES OF THE LIMBS, EXCEPT THE WRIST A
BO
NE
S
Acc S
to BO
sha NE
pe S
F
LA vARE THIN, FLATTENED, AND USUALLY CURVED
v
T vMOST BONES OF THE SKULL, THE RIBS, AND THE STERNU
B
O
N
ES
ACC IR
vbones which, from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped as l
RE
ORD GU vThe vertebrae, which make up the spinal column, and the hip
ING LA
R
TO BO
SHA NE
PE S
DIVISIONS OF THE
SKELETON
AXIAL
SKELETON
the bones that
form the
longitudinal
axis of the
body
APPENDICULAR
SKELETON the
bones of the limbs
and girdles
AX IAL
SKELETO
N Th e
sk u ll
Th e Bon y
Th or a x
Th e Ve r t e b r a l Colu m n
I. The SKULL
PARIETAL t op and side of head a major cranial bone that forms part of the top, back, and
BONES side of the head and roughly covers the parietal lobe of
the brain
TEMPORAL side of the head, above the a cranial bone on the side of the head that roughly
BONES ear covers the temporal lobe of the brain; it extends down
behind the ear towards the jaw
OCCIPITAL the lower rear of the head a major cranial bone at the lower back of the head;
BONE covers occipital lobe of the brain
SPHENOID temple and eye orbit area a cranial bone that forms part of the eye cavity
BONE
ETHMOID eye cavity a cranial bone forming part of the eye cavity
BONE
B. FACIAL
BONES
BONES LOCATION DESCRIPTION
MAXILLAE upper part of jaw the two maxillae form the center of the face with many attaching
muscles; carry the upper teeth; form part of the eye orbit; act like
keystones into which the other facial bones fit
PALATINE Posterior part of the The paired palatine bones lie posterior palatine processes of the maxillae.
BONES hard palate Failure of these or the palatine processes to fuse medially results in cleft
palate.
ZYGOMATIC
BONES cheek the principal cheek bone; origin of zygomatic and other facial
muscles
LACRIMAL inner corner of eye a small bone forming a cavity for the tear gland, each lacrimal bone
BONES socket has a groove that serves as a passageway for tears (lacrima=tear)
NASAL
BONES nose The small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose .
VOMER
BONE nasal cavity a facial bone on the centerline of the nose that forms part of the
nasal cavity
INFERIOR Lateral walls of the Are thin, curved bones projecting from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
NASAL nasal cavity
CONCHAE
MANDIBLE lower part of jaw The lower jaw bone is the only skull bone that moves, i.e., during
mastication, speech, and expression; carries the lower teeth
RED ARE CRANIAL BONES
BLACK ARE FACIAL BONE
BLUE ARE FEATURES OF
THE BONES
e bony thorax.
ones around the organs of the thoracic cavity (heart, lungs, and major blood vesse
A. STERNUM- A
TYPICAL FLAT BONE AND A
RESULT OF THE FUSION OF
THREE BONES: MANUBRIUM,
BODY, XIPHOID PROCESS
MANUBRIUM- also called
the "handle“, It is
connected to the first
two ribs.
BODY- also called the
"blade" or the
"gladiolus“, connects
the third to seventh
ribs directly and the
eighth through tenth
ribs indirectly.
XIPHOID PROCESS-also
called the "tip“, It is
often cartilaginous
(cartilage), but does
become bony in later
B. THE RIBS-
are thin, flat,
curved bones that form a
protective cage around the
organs in the upper body. They
are comprised 24 bones
arranged in 12 pairs.
VERTEBRAE These bones move with the ribs to form the rear
with it.
an adult.
Also called the tailbone
TERVERTEBRAL DISC- made of fibrous cartilage that act as shock absorbers and allow the b
TYPES OF ABNORMAL SPINAL
CURVATURE
1 . SCOLIOSIS SYMPTOMS
1 . Un e v e n
is a medical condition in . m u scu la t u r e on
which a person's on e sid e of t h e
spine is curved from sp in e
side to side, shaped 2 . Un e v e n h ip , r ib
like an "s", and may ca g e ,
also be rotated. a n d sh ou ld e r le ve
ls
CAUSES 3 . Asym m e t r ic size or
1. congenital (caused by loca t ion of b r e a st
vertebral anomalies
in fe m a le s
present at birth),
4 . D iff e r e n t h e ig h t s
2. idiopathic (sub-classified as
of t h e sh ou ld e r s
infantile, juvenile,
adolescent, or adult
TREATMENT
according to when 1 . BODY BRACIN G-is n or m a lly d on e w h e n
onset occurred), t h e p a t ie n t h a s b on e g r ow t h
3. having developed as a r e m a in in g , a n d is g e n e r a lly
secondary symptom of im ple m e n t e d in or d e r t o h old t h e
another condition, such cu r ve a n d p r e ve n t it f r om p r og r e ssin g
as spina bifida, cerebral t o t h e p oin t w h e r e su r g e r y is
palsy, spinal muscular in d ica t e d.
atrophy or due 2 . SURGERY- is u su a lly in d ica t e d f or
to physical trauma. curves that have a high likelihood of
progression, curves that cause a significant
2 . KYPHOSIS
§also called "hunchback", in a
general term, is a common SYMPTOMS
condition of a curvature of 1.
the upper (thoracic) spine. 2.bowing of the back
3.
4.slouching back and
§CAUSES breathing
1.degenerative diseases (such difficulties
as arthritis)
2.developmental problems,
osteoporosis with
compression fractures of
the vertebrae
3.trauma
TREATMENTS
1.BODY BRACES (ORTHOSIS)
2.SPECIALIZED PHYSICAL THERAPY
3.SURGERY
3 . LORDOSIS
(commonly referred to
as swayback, saddle back, SYMPTOMS
or hyper-lordosis) is a 1.
medical term used to 2.overly-concave
describe an inward shape of the
curvature of a portion of back
the vertebral column 3.
4.lower back pain
CAUSES
1.difference of thickness
between the anterior and
posterior part of
the intervertebral disc
2.Imbalances in muscle TREATMENTS
strength and length 1.strengthening the abdominal muscles and
3.excessive visceral fat hamstrings
4.pregnancy 2.Back hyper-extensions on a Roman chair
or inflatable ball will strengthen the back
muscles.
3.Physical therapy
Gender-based differences
FEMALE
vThe shape of a female pelvis is flatter, more rounded and proportionally l
v
hicker and v women
longer tendand
limbs to have
digit narrower rib cages, smaller teeth, less angular mand
bones (phalanges)
1.SHOULDER GIRDLE
2.
3.ARM
4.
5.FOREARM
6.
7.HANDS
le or PECTORAL
1. Shoulder Gird
GIRDLE
P
U
LA
PECT vcolla r b on e
C
ORAL vPARTS- conoid t u b e r cle – t r a p e zoid lin e – cost a l tu
GIRDL LA
v
vis a doubly curved short bone that connects the arm (upper limb) to the body
E/SHO VI
ULDE
R CL
GIRDL E
E
2. ARM
or brachium, is technically only
the region between the
shoulder and elbow.
It consists of a single long bone
called the humerus.
HUMERUS
v the longest bone in the
upper extremity
v The top, or head, is large,
smooth, and rounded and
fits into the scapula in the
shoulder
v On the bottom of the
humerus, are two
depressions where the
humerus connects to the
ulna and radius of the
forearm
v The bottom of the humerus
protects the ulnar nerve
and is commonly known as
the "funny bone" because
striking the elbow on a
hard surface stimulates the
3. forearm
is the structure and
distal region of
the upper limb,
between
the elbow and the
wrist
Consists of two bones,
THE RADIUS AND
THE ULNA
THE RADIUS
v extends from the lateral
side of the elbow to
the thumb side of
the wrist.
v
THE ULNA
v In anatomical position
the ulna is placed at
the medial side of
v consists of three parts
E HAND
.TH
(the wrist, palm, and
4.T five fingers) and 27 bones.
v
THE WRIST
v Or carpus, consists of 8 small
bones called the carpal bones
that are tightly bound by
ligaments.
v
THE PALM
v or metacarpus consists of five
metacarpal bones, one aligned
with each of the fingers.
v The metacarpal bones are not
named but are numbered I to V
starting with the thumb
v
THE FINGERS
v are made up of 14 bones
called phalanges.
v A single finger bone is called
a phalanx
LOWER
EXTREMITIES
1.PELVIC GIRDLE
2.
3.THIGH
4.
5.LEG
6.
7.FOOT
1 . PELVIC GIRDLE
also called the hip
girdle
The bones of the pelvic
girdle are large and
heavy, and they are
attached securely at
the axial skeleton
Bearing weight is the
most important
function of this
girdle
The reproductive
organs, urinary
bladder, and part of
the large intestine
lie within and are
protected by the
bony pelvis
Each hip bone is
formed by the
fusion of three
1. Th e fe m a le in le t is
la r g e r a n d m ore
cir cu la r
2. Th e fe m a le p e lvis
M
a s a w h ole is
AL sh a llow e r, a n d
b on e s a r e lig h t e r
E a n d t h in n e r
3. Th e fe m a le ilia
Gen fla re m or e
la t e r a lly
der- 4. Th e fe m a le
sa cr u m is sh or t e r
bas a n d m or e cu r ve d
F 5. Th e fe m a le isch ia l
ed E sp in e s a r e
diff M sh or t e r a n d
fa r t h e r a p a r t ,
ere AL t h u s t h e ou t le t is
la r g e r
nce E 6. Th e fe m a le p u b ic
a rch is m or e
s r ou n d e d b e ca u se
t h e a n g le of t h e
p u b ic a r ch is
2. THIGH
The thigh is the region
between the hip and
the knee and is
composed of a single
bone called
the femur or
thighbone
FEMUR
The heaviest, longest,
largest and the strongest
bone in the body
It forms part of the hip and
part of the knee
There are four eminences, or
protuberances, in the
human femur: the head,
the greater trochanter,
the lesser trochanter,
and the lower extremity
Neck of the femur is common
fracture site, especially
patella
The patella or
kneecap is a large,
triangular
sesamoid bone
between the femur
and the tibia
It is formed in
response to the
strain in the
tendon that forms
the knee
protects the knee
joint and
strengthens the
tendon that forms
the knee
3 . LEG qCon sist s of t w o b on e s
t h e t ib ia a n d t h e f ib u la
TIBIA
vAlso called shinbone
v
vis the larger and stronger of the
two bones in the leg below
the knee in vertebrates and
connects the knee with the ankle
bones
FIBULA
vAlso called the calf bone