Introduction

The manufacturing of multi layer fabrics is the

very first step towards the evolution of 3D-
woven performs. In opposite to 2D-woven
fabrics the use of 3D-woven fabrics provides
important advantages. The production
process is less time-consuming and the fabric
offers a high-quality surface.
By now there is a possibility to adjust textile
fabrics already to a certain shape during the
weaving process. These fabrics are called 3D-
textiles .
Due to its specific properties it is used in
sports, marine, defense etc.
Definition of 3D-Fabrics :
• In most general form we can define 3D-
fabrics as “the single fabric system the
constituent yarns of which are supposedly
dispose in three mutually perpendicular
plane relationship”
 Classification of Woven
Fabrics
• 2D fabrics: Normal two dimensional flat
fabrics.
• 2.5D fabrics: The fabrics which are in between
2D and 3D ,like pile fabrics.
• 2D woven 3D fabrics: The 3D fabrics made
by conventional weaving system.
• 3D fabrics: The pure 3D fabrics which do not
need any additional binding yarns.
Fibres used in 3D-Fabrics

• Glass fibre
• Carbon fibre
• Aramid fibre
Manufacturing of 2D woven
3D fabrics
There are four picks one above the other and like a multi
•
plane the weft layers are changing their position
intermingle, as visible from different threads moving up
and down. The figure also demonstrate very straight
stands of warp and weft yarns with zero crimps giving
higher yarn orientations resulting in higher in-plane
strength and modulus, which is an important property of
today's most modern high performance performs. The
binding threads are of much finer count as compared to
the main enforcing-threads, and this techniques is now
being used by 3D –fabric manufactures like 3 tex( USA)
for their most modern glass performs. The use was thick
floor-covering ,Matts etc.
Cross-sectional view of 2D woven 3D fabrics
 3D Weave
• In 3D weave all the three orthogonal sets of yarns
highly oriented so good tensile properties should
be expected from the composites made by this
perform.
• Three orthogonal sets of yarns are used to weave
the fabric (x,y,z) out of which there are two
major yarns groups (x,y) and a binding yarns
group (z). X yarns are used as the major warp
and Y yarns are used as major weft. The z yarns
are used as the binding yarns in the fabric.
• Very thick fabrics up to 2” have been developed
with considerable width. The weight proportion of
the binding threads is a very small about 2% of
the fabric weight) so tensile properties of the
composites are not suffered.
 Carbon /Glass Hybrid
100% Carbon Warp with Glass
Filling and Z
 3D_fabric dimensions
� Width (y) - 2 in. to 72 in.
� Thickness (z) - < 0.1 in. to 2 in.
� Length (x) - continuous ,cut length<1ft to
20ft>
� Shapes , plates, sheets, T, I, Π,
angles, pockets, tubes, boxes,
� Controlled Fiber Distribution
� XYZ, 3D Orthogonal Weave, 0/90/Z
� Fiber Vol. Fractions > 55% as woven
� Tow packing factors > 65%
� Uni-directional to XYZ balanced
� Straight internal tow – non-crimp
 2D v/s 3D Woven
composites
• The unidirectional composites undergo extensive
delaminating damage. The main method of through
thickness reinforcement include 3D weaving in
improving the delaminating resistance.3D Woven fabric
composites exhibit higher fraction toughness ,which is
about four to five times as compared to uni directional
.
• 3D woven composites exhibit better mechanical
properties than the conventionally 2D woven laminates
as shown in the graph.
MPa

A.2D woven composites

B.2D woven 3D composites
C.3D woven 3D composites
 3TEX 3WEAVE™ 3D
Weaving
• Relative
Improves to Standard 2D
material performance

• – Non-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffness

• – Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and damage
• tolerance
• Lowers fabricated component cost

• – Faster resin wet-out = shorter processing times

• – Thicker/net-shape and higher conformability = labor savings
• – Better properties = use less material
• • Improves quality

• – Thicker and/or net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly error

• – Automated textile processing = consistent quality
 Mechanical Properties

• High tensile strength

• High compression strength
• Compression strength after impact
• High stiffness
• Elastic
• Low weight
 Textile Composites
• The textile composites are composed of two materials i.e., a
textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) and a
binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep the
Skelton integrated into a specific shape. Without retaining a
specific shape, the properties of a composite can not be
utilized..

• Parts of a composite:

• Perform

• matrix
 The Performs
• Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or
continuo’s fibres. These may be produced in three different
ways as indicated below.

Short Fibres yarn Fabric Composite

materials

Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Composite

materials
 Requirements for the
perform manufacture
• High degree of structural integrity
• Controlled distribution of yarn
• Proper orientation of the yarns
• Preferably uncrimped yarn
• Adequate fibre- volume fraction
• Well defined shape and dimensions
 Classification The
composites w.r.t Matrix
• With respect to matrix we can classify
composite materials as

• Polymer Matrix composites (PMC’s)

• Metal Matrix composites (MMC’s)
• Ceramic matrix composites (CMC’s)
Examples of Forms made by
Integral 3D Weaving
Applications of 3D Performs
Marine
Aircrafts
Defense
 Other fields

• Civil Engineering

• Sports