Organizing and Integrating

Information

RETRIEVAL AIDS AND FAILURE


Why we have to organize the
information ?
So we can remember it in effectively
Example :
1. Use of acronym, words that are made up
from the first letters of the information to be
remembered.

MY VERY ENERGETIC MOTHER JUMPED
STRAIGHT UNDER NINE PIGS

2. Conceptual Hierarchy for classifying
materials
Mineral
Metal Stones

Rare Common Alloys Precious Mansory


Some aids in retrieval
1. Recreate the context in which the
information was learned such that it acts as
a cue for retrieval
Eg. Think of where you are, how you felt and
what you were doing when you learned the
information
Remember when you enter a room and forget
what for you go there ??
2. Stay focused and keep trying to recall the
information. The more you concentrate and
the more times you try , the more likely it is
you will retrieve the information.
3. Use external cues
Eg. Diaries, calendars, make a list or notes
Interference in memory
A major cause of forgetting.
If people is given a list of words to remember,
and then given a distracter or interference
task (eg. Asked to count backwards from ten),
the task would interfere with rehearsal of the
letters or words.

This would result in the participant
remembering fewer letters or words


Example of interference
Stroop Test
This test require the participant to name the
color of the words, while ignoring the words
themselves.

So..based on this test, which one is
interference ???
STROOP TASK

STROOP TASK

Why we fail to retrieve a memory ?
1. The encoding Specificity Principle
Says that :
it is easier to remember information or retrieve it,
if the internal and external cues or stimuli
present during encoding are also available
during retrieval

Eg. You might recall more information during a test ,
if you take the test in the same room that you
learned the information in.
2. Retroactive and proactive interference
Says that :
we forget because of the interference from
other similar memories once in storage

2 types of interference :
1. Retroactive inteference : new interferes old
2. Proactive interference : old interfere new
3. Decay
Says that :
human memory fades or decays over time.

Related with connection between our synaps
4. Organic reason
Says that :
the organic or physiological things can be reason
for forgetting

eg. Head injuries memory loss or organic
amnesia (remember 50 first dates ??)
eg. dementia loss of STM, reduce higher
order cogntive functions, personality changes,
confusion