MUSCLE TISSUE

1
TRIVIA!
How many muscles are there in the human body?
Answer: 640 Muscles
The muscles make up about 40 % of the body mass.

What is the longest muscle in the body?
Answer: The Sartorius
The Sartorius runs from the outside of the hip, down and across to the inside of
the knee. It twists and pulls the thigh outwards.

What is the smallest muscle in the body?
Answer: The Stapedius
The Stapedius is located deep in the ear. It is only 5mm long and thinner than
cotton thread. It is involved in hearing.

What is the biggest muscle in the body?
Answer: The Gluteus Maximus
The Gluteus Maximus is located in the buttock. It pulls the leg backwards
powerfully for walking and running.
2
MUSCLE TISSUE
About 40 per cent of the body is
skeletal muscle

Another 10 per cent is smooth
and cardiac muscle
3
MUSCLE CELLS
are derived from the MESODERM
Except for those in the iris of the eye that arise from ECTODERM

Widespread in the body

Sometimes occur singly or in small disorganized clusters

In general, they form a highly organized groups that are
bound together by intercellular substance to form MUSCLE
TISSUE

Muscle cells are elongated cells, referred as MUSCLE
FIBERS, instead of muscle cells


4
FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLE TISSUE
Producing body movements
Stabilizing body positions
Regulating organ volumes
bands of smooth muscle called sphincters
Movement of substances within the body
blood, lymph, urine, air, food and fluids, sperm
Producing heat
involuntary contractions of skeletal muscle (shivering)
5
PROPERTIES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
Excitability
respond to chemicals released from nerve cells
Conductivity
ability to propagate electrical signals over membrane
Contractility
ability to shorten and generate force
Extensibility
ability to be stretched without damaging the tissue
Elasticity
ability to return to original shape after being stretched
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3 TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
Skeletal muscle
attaches to bone, skin or fascia
striated with light & dark bands visible with scope
voluntary control of contraction & relaxation
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3 TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

Cardiac muscle
tissue forms the wall of the heart.
striated in appearance
involuntary control
autorhythmic because of built in pacemaker
8
3 TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
Smooth muscle
tissue is located in viscera.
attached to hair follicles in skin
in walls of hollow organs -- blood vessels & GI
nonstriated in appearance
involuntary
9
MUSCLE SIMILARITIES
Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated and are
called muscle fibers

Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle are both striated.

Cardiac muscle and smooth muscle are both involuntary.

Muscle contraction depends on two kinds of myofilaments
actin and myosin

Muscle terminology is similar
myo, mys, and sarco all refer to muscle
10
SKELETAL MUSCLE
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SKELETAL MUSCLE
Composed of muscle cells (fibers), connective tissue, blood
vessels, nerves

Muscle fibers
Long, tapering, cylindrical and multinucleated cells that vary in
length(10-35 cm) and diameter(10-100 um)
Arise in the embryo from a precursor called myoblasts
Have oval nuclei, are peripherally located
Striated appearance

12
13

14
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Each muscle is a discrete organ composed of muscle tissue,
blood vessels, nerve fibers, and connective tissue
15
Origin: the attachment of the
muscle to the bone that
remains stationary

Insertion: the attachment of
the muscle to the bone that
moves

Belly: the fleshy part of the
muscle between the tendons
of origin and/or insertion
origin
insertion
belly
16
Table 9.1a
17
STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION
Table 9.1b
18
MUSCLE FIBER OR
MYOFIBERS
Muscle cells are long, cylindrical & multinucleated
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THREE TYPES OF MUSCLE FIBERS
1) Fast (or White) Fibers
Fast contraction after nervous stimulation
Large diameter
large glycogen reserve
few mitochondria
densely packed myofibrils
Fatigue fast due to mainly anaerobic respiration
20
2) SLOW (OR RED) FIBERS
Slower but continuous contraction for extended
periods
Smaller diameter (~ half)
contain myoglobin
more capillaries
more mitochondria
Do not fatigue as fast due to aerobic respiration
21
3) INTERMEDIATE FIBERS
Have attributes in between fast and slow types
Most skeletal muscles contain mixture of fiber types.

One motor unit only contains one fiber type
22
MUSCLE FIBER
23
SARCOLEMMA
Skeletal muscle consists of fibers (cells) covered by a
sarcolemma
24
TRANSVERSE TUBULES
T (transverse) tubules are invaginations of the sarcolemma into the
center of the cell
filled with extracellular fluid
carry muscle action potentials down into cell
25
SARCOPLASM
Sarcoplasm
has numerous
glycosomes and a
unique oxygen-binding
protein called myoglobin
Fibers contain the usual
organelles, myofibrils,
sarcoplasmic reticulum,
and T tubules

26
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SR)
System of tubular sacs similar to smooth ER in non-muscle
cells
Stores Ca+2 in a relaxed muscle
Release of Ca+2 triggers muscle contraction
27
MYOFIBRILS & MYOFILAMENTS
Each fiber contains myofibrils that consist of thin and thick
filaments (myofilaments)
Muscle fibers are filled with threads called myofibrils separated by SR (sarcoplasmic
reticulum)
The sarcoplasmic reticulum encircles each myofibril. It is similar to smooth endoplasmic
reticulum in nonmuscle cells and in the relaxed muscle stores calcium ions.
Myofilaments (thick & thin filaments) are the contractile proteins of muscle

28
SARCOMERE
The smallest contractile unit of a muscle
About 10,000 sarcomeres per myofibril, end to end
Each is about 2 m long
The region of a myofibril between two successive Z discs
Composed of myofilaments made up of contractile proteins
29
THICK FILAMENTS
Thick filaments are
composed of the protein
myosin
Each myosin molecule
has a rod-like tail and two
globular heads
Tails two interwoven,
heavy polypeptide chains
Heads two smaller, light
polypeptide chains called
cross bridges

30
THIN FILAMENTS
Thin filaments are made of actin
Each actin molecule is a helical polymer of globular subunits
called G actin
The subunits contain the active sites to which myosin heads
attach during contraction
Tropomyosin and troponin are regulatory subunits bound to actin
31
ARRANGEMENT OF THE FILAMENTS IN A SARCOMERE

Figure 9.4d
32
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS ACCOUNTS FOR
THE BULK MUSCLE FIBER VOLUME (UP TO 80%)?
a. glycosomes
b. mitochondria
c. myofibrils
d. sarcoplasm
33
THE THIN FILAMENTS ARE NOT COMPRISED OF WHICH OF
THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS?
a. actin
b. titin
c. troponin
d. tropomyosin
34
WHAT IS THE MAJOR FUNCTION OF THE SARCOPLASMIC
RETICULUM?
a. store sodium ions
b. store potassium ions
c. expel calcium ions from the cell
d. store calcium ions
35
NERVE AND BLOOD SUPPLY
Each skeletal muscle is supplied by a nerve, artery and two
veins.
Each motor neuron supplies multiple muscle cells
(neuromuscular junction)
Each muscle cell is supplied by one motor neuron terminal
branch and is in contact with one or two capillaries.
nerve fibers & capillaries are found in the endomysium
between individual cells
36
THE PROTEINS OF MUSCLE
Myofibrils are built of 3 kinds of protein
contractile proteins
myosin and actin

regulatory proteins which turn contraction on & off
troponin and tropomyosin

structural proteins which provide proper alignment,
elasticity and extensibility
titin, myomesin, nebulin and dystrophin


37
THE PROTEINS OF MUSCLE -- MYOSIN
Thick filaments are composed of myosin
each molecule resembles two golf clubs twisted together
myosin heads (cross bridges) extend toward the thin filaments
Held in place by the M line proteins.
38
THE PROTEINS OF MUSCLE -- ACTIN
Thin filaments are made of actin, troponin, & tropomyosin
The myosin-binding site on each actin molecule is covered by
tropomyosin in relaxed muscle
The thin filaments are held in place by Z lines. From one Z line to
the next is a sarcomere.
39
STRUCTURAL PROTEINS
Structural proteins keep the thick and thin filaments in the
proper alignment, give the myofibril elasticity and extensibility,
and link the myofibrils to the sarcolemma and extracellular
matrix.

Titin helps a sarcomere return to its resting length after a muscle
has contracted or been stretched.

Myomesin forms the M line.

Nebulin helps maintain alignment of the thin filaments in the
sarcomere.

Dystrophin reinforces the sarcolemma and helps transmit the
tension generated by the sarcomeres to the tendons.
40
THE PROTEINS OF MUSCLE -- TITIN
Titin anchors thick filament to the M line and the Z disc.
The portion of the molecule between the Z disc and the end of the
thick filament can stretch to 4 times its resting length and spring
back unharmed.
Role in recovery of the muscle from being stretched.
41
STRUCTURAL PROTEINS
The M line (myomesin) connects to titin and adjacent thick
filaments.
Nebulin, an inelastic protein helps align the thin filaments.
Dystrophin links thin filaments to sarcolemma and transmits the
tension generated to the tendon.

42
SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM OF CONTRACTION
Myosin cross bridges
pull on thin filaments
Thin filaments slide
inward
Z Discs come toward
each other
Sarcomeres shorten.The
muscle fiber shortens. The
muscle shortens
Notice :Thick & thin
filaments do not change in
length

43
OVERVIEW: HOW DOES CONTRACTION BEGIN?
1. Nerve impulse reaches an axon terminal
2.synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine (ACh)
3. ACh diffuses to receptors on the sarcolemma
4. stimulus provided by binding of ACh to the
sarcolemma;
5. Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes into the
cell
6. resulting action potential travels along
sarcolemma and into T tubules, triggering release
of calcium ions from SR;
7. calcium ions bind to troponin; resulting shape
change causes myosin binding site to be exposed;
8. myosin heads bind to actin, and swivel (power
stroke), pulling Z discs closer together, shortening
myofiber.-the contraction cycle begins


44
Figure 9.10
Synaptic
cleft
Synaptic
vesicle
Axon terminal
ACh ACh ACh
Neurotransmitter released diffuses
across the synaptic cleft and attaches
to ACh receptors on the sarcolemma.
45
Figure 9.10
Net entry of Na
+
Initiates
an action potential which
is propagated along the
sarcolemma and down
the T tubules.
T tubule
Sarcolemma
Synaptic
cleft
Synaptic
vesicle
Axon terminal
ACh ACh ACh
Neurotransmitter released diffuses
across the synaptic cleft and attaches
to ACh receptors on the sarcolemma.
1
46
Figure 9.10
Net entry of Na
+
Initiates
an action potential which
is propagated along the
sarcolemma and down
the T tubules.
T tubule
Sarcolemma
SR tubules (cut)
Synaptic
cleft
Synaptic
vesicle
Axon terminal
ACh ACh ACh
Neurotransmitter released diffuses
across the synaptic cleft and attaches
to ACh receptors on the sarcolemma.
Action potential in
T tubule activates
voltage-sensitive receptors,
which in turn trigger Ca
2+
release from terminal
cisternae of SR
into cytosol.
SR
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
1
2
47
Figure 9.10
Net entry of Na
+
Initiates
an action potential which
is propagated along the
sarcolemma and down
the T tubules.
T tubule
Sarcolemma
SR tubules (cut)
Synaptic
cleft
Synaptic
vesicle
Axon terminal
ACh ACh ACh
Neurotransmitter released diffuses
across the synaptic cleft and attaches
to ACh receptors on the sarcolemma.
Action potential in
T tubule activates
voltage-sensitive receptors,
which in turn trigger Ca
2+
release from terminal
cisternae of SR
into cytosol.
Calcium ions bind to troponin;
troponin changes shape, removing
the blocking action of tropomyosin;
actin active sites exposed.
SR
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
1
2
3
48
Figure 9.10
Net entry of Na
+
Initiates
an action potential which
is propagated along the
sarcolemma and down
the T tubules.
T tubule
Sarcolemma
SR tubules (cut)
Synaptic
cleft
Synaptic
vesicle
Axon terminal
ACh ACh ACh
Neurotransmitter released diffuses
across the synaptic cleft and attaches
to ACh receptors on the sarcolemma.
Action potential in
T tubule activates
voltage-sensitive receptors,
which in turn trigger Ca
2+
release from terminal
cisternae of SR
into cytosol.
Calcium ions bind to troponin;
troponin changes shape, removing
the blocking action of tropomyosin;
actin active sites exposed.
Contraction; myosin heads alternately attach to
actin and detach, pulling the actin filaments toward
the center of the sarcomere; release of energy by
ATP hydrolysis powers the cycling process.
SR
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
1
2
3
4
49
Figure 9.10
Net entry of Na
+
Initiates
an action potential which
is propagated along the
sarcolemma and down
the T tubules.
T tubule
Sarcolemma
SR tubules (cut)
Synaptic
cleft
Synaptic
vesicle
Axon terminal
ACh ACh ACh
Neurotransmitter released diffuses
across the synaptic cleft and attaches
to ACh receptors on the sarcolemma.
Action potential in
T tubule activates
voltage-sensitive receptors,
which in turn trigger Ca
2+
release from terminal
cisternae of SR
into cytosol.
Calcium ions bind to troponin;
troponin changes shape, removing
the blocking action of tropomyosin;
actin active sites exposed.
Contraction; myosin heads alternately attach to
actin and detach, pulling the actin filaments toward
the center of the sarcomere; release of energy by
ATP hydrolysis powers the cycling process.
Removal of Ca
2+
by active transport
into the SR after the action
potential ends.
SR
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
1
2
3
4
5
50
Figure 9.10
ADP
Pi
Net entry of Na
+
Initiates
an action potential which
is propagated along the
sarcolemma and down
the T tubules.
T tubule
Sarcolemma
SR tubules (cut)
Synaptic
cleft
Synaptic
vesicle
Axon terminal
ACh ACh ACh
Neurotransmitter released diffuses
across the synaptic cleft and attaches
to ACh receptors on the sarcolemma.
Action potential in
T tubule activates
voltage-sensitive receptors,
which in turn trigger Ca
2+
release from terminal
cisternae of SR
into cytosol.
Calcium ions bind to troponin;
troponin changes shape, removing
the blocking action of tropomyosin;
actin active sites exposed.
Contraction; myosin heads alternately attach to
actin and detach, pulling the actin filaments toward
the center of the sarcomere; release of energy by
ATP hydrolysis powers the cycling process.
Removal of Ca
2+
by active transport
into the SR after the action
potential ends.
SR
Tropomyosin blockage restored,
blocking myosin binding sites on
actin; contraction ends and
muscle fiber relaxes.
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
1
2
3
4
5
6
51
CONTRACTION CYCLE
Repeating sequence of events that cause the thick & thin
filaments to move past each other.
4 steps to contraction cycle
ATP hydrolysis
attachment of myosin to actin to form crossbridges
power stroke
detachment of myosin from actin
Cycle keeps repeating as long as there is ATP available &
there is a high Ca+2 level near the filaments.
52
STEPS IN THE CONTRACTION CYCLE
Notice how the myosin head attaches and pulls on the thin filament
with the energy released from ATP
53
ATP AND MYOSIN
Myosin heads are activated by ATP
Activated heads attach to actin & pull (power stroke)
ADP is released. (ATP released P & ADP & energy)
Thin filaments slide past the thick filaments
ATP binds to myosin head & detaches it from actin
All of these steps repeat over and over
if ATP is available &
Ca+ level near the troponin-tropomyosin complex is high
54
EXCITATION - CONTRACTION COUPLING
All the steps that occur from the muscle action potential reaching the
T tubule to contraction of the muscle fiber.



55
ROLE OF (CA
2+
)
At low [Ca
2+
] Tropomyosin
blocks the binding sites on
actin
Myosin cross bridges cannot
attach
Figure 9.11a
56
AT HIGH [CA
2+
]
Calcium binds to troponin
Troponin changes shape
tropomyosin moves away
from actins binding sites
Figure 9.11b
57
RELAXATION
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks down ACh within the synaptic
cleft
Muscle action potential ceases
Ca+2 release channels close
Active transport pumps Ca2+ back into storage in the sarcoplasmic
reticulum
Calcium-binding protein (calsequestrin) helps hold Ca+2 in SR
(Ca+2 concentration 10,000 times higher than in cytosol)
Tropomyosin-troponin complex recovers binding site on the actin
58
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION (NMJ) OR SYNAPSE
NMJ = myoneural junction
end of axon nears the surface of a muscle fiber at its motor end plate
region (remain separated by synaptic cleft or gap)
59
CARDIAC MUSCLE
60
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the heart wall
Striated
Its fibers are arranged similarly to skeletal muscle fibers.
Cardiac muscle fibers connect to adjacent fibers by intercalated discs
which contain desmosomes and gap junctions
Cardiac muscle contractions last longer than the skeletal muscle twitch
due to the prolonged delivery of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic
reticulum and the extracellular fluid.
Cardiac muscle fibers contract when stimulated by their own
autorhythmic fibers.
This continuous, rhythmic activity is a major physiological
difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue.
61
62
63

64
ANATOMY OF CARDIAC MUSCLE
Striated , short, quadrangular-shaped, branching fibers
Single centrally located nucleus
Cells connected by intercalated discs with gap junctions
Same arrangement of thick & thin filaments as skeletal
65
APPEARANCE OF CARDIAC MUSCLE
Striated muscle containing thick & thin filaments
T tubules located at Z discs & less SR
66
PHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIAC MUSCLE
Autorhythmic cells
contract without stimulation
Contracts 75 times per min & needs lots of O2
Larger mitochondria generate ATP aerobically
Extended contraction is possible due to slow Ca+2 delivery
Ca+2 channels to the extracellular fluid stay open

67
SMOOTH MUSCLE
68
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
Found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the
stomach, urinary bladder, respiratory passages, blood
vessels and glands

Functions in compressing hollow organs, ducts & tubes
Forces food and other substances through internal body
channels

Spindle shaped fibers
Have a single centrally located nucleus
It is not striated and is involuntary

69
6 major locations:
inside the eye
walls of vessels
respiratory tubes
digestive tubes
urinary organs
reproductive organs

70
SMOOTH MUSCLE
is classified into two types: visceral (single unit) smooth
muscle and multiunit smooth muscle

Visceral (single unit) smooth muscle is found in the walls of
hollow viscera and small blood vessels; the fibers are
arranged in a network and function as a single unit.

Multiunit smooth muscle is found in large blood vessels, large
airways, arrector pili muscles, and the iris of the eye. The
fibers operate singly rather than as a unit.
71
TWO TYPES OF SMOOTH MUSCLE
Visceral (single-unit)
in the walls of hollow viscera &
small BV
Autorhythmic

Multiunit
individual fibers with own
motor neuron ending
found in large arteries, large
airways, arrector pili
muscles,iris & ciliary body
72
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF SMOOTH MUSCLE
Sarcoplasm of smooth muscle fibers contains both thick
and thin filaments which are not organized into
sarcomeres.
Smooth muscle fibers contain intermediate filaments which
are attached to dense bodies.
Small, involuntary muscle cell -- tapering at ends
Single, oval, centrally located nucleus
Lack T tubules & have little SR for Ca+2 storage
73
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF SMOOTH MUSCLE
Thick & thin myofilaments
not orderly arranged so lacks
sarcomeres
Sliding of thick & thin filaments
generates tension
Transferred to intermediate filaments
& dense bodies attached to
sarcolemma
Muscle fiber contracts and twists into
a helix as it shortens -- relaxes by
untwisting

74
PHYSIOLOGY OF SMOOTH MUSCLE
Contraction starts slowly & lasts longer
no transverse tubules & very little SR
Ca+2 must flows in from outside

In smooth muscle, the regulator protein that binds calcium
ions in the cytosol is calmodulin (in place of the role of
troponin in striated muscle);

calmodulin activates the enzyme myosin light chain kinase, which
facilitates myosin-actin binding and allows contraction to occur at
a relatively slow rate.

75
MYOFILAMENTS
Thick, thin and intermediate filaments
Bundles of thick & thin filaments crisscross obliquely through
the cells
Thick filaments contains of myosin similar to myosin in
sceletal muscle
Thin filaments
Actin, tropomyosin and calmodulin
Calmodulin Ca binding protein
Intermediate filaments
Desmin major protein in all smooth muscles
Vimentin additional component of vascular smooth muscle
76
77
CONTRACTILE MECHANISM OF THE
SMOOTH MUSCLE
78
PHYSICAL BASIS FOR SMOOTH MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
Mechanism of contraction is different from skeletal muscle
Fibers made up of actin & myosin filaments but no troponin
Arrangement of myofilaments is different thus no striations
Actin filaments are attached to dense bodies that are likewise
attached to the cell membrane
Myosin filaments are interspersed with the actin filaments

79
PHYSICAL BASIS FOR SMOOTH MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
Actin filaments radiate from two
dense bodies; the ends overlap a
myosin filament located midway
between the dense bodies
Myosin filaments have sidepolar
cross-bridges (allows smooth
muscle cells to contract as much as
80 per cent of their length)
Dense bodies of smooth muscle
serve the same role as the Z discs in
skeletal muscle
80
81
PERISTALSIS

Peristalsis alternating contractions and relaxations of
smooth muscles that mix and squeeze substances
through the lumen of hollow organs
82
Ca
2+
binds to calmodulin and activates it
Calmodulin activates the kinase enzyme
Kinase transfers phosphate from ATP to myosin cross
bridges
Phosphorylated cross bridges interact with actin to
produce shortening
Smooth muscle relaxes when intracellular Ca
2+
levels
drop
Contraction of Smooth Muscle
83