Risk Assessment

Dropped Objected at
Platform
Dropped Anchor from
Shipping Activity along
Pipeline Route
Anchor Impact
Directed Pipeline
Anchor Vicinity
Pipeline Route
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I. DROPPED OBJECT AT PLATFORM
The crane lift object such as: container, pipe
reel, drill riser, basket and other.
All object could be dropped and impacted
pipeline.
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1. METHOD RICK ASSESSMENT
Failure Frequency due to Dropped Object will be checked with DNV OS F101. i.e.



Frequency of accidental loads as table blow:
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2 INPUT DATA
Pipe data.
Number of Lifts Per Year of Crane (if
available).
Water Depth at platform.
Drawing of pipeline approach at platform.
Breadth of dropped object (if available).
Data of protection (ex. Gravel Cover depth, Gravel
Diameter, Bearing Capacity Coefficients, Structure Protection Energy )
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3 METHODOLOGY
1. Angel deviation of object






2. Drop probability due to crane activity
(flift) selected in table 9


3. Probability of dropped object landing within any
one ring.


4. The probability of hit to a pipeline or umbilical with within a
certain ring, r..
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Ar = Area within the ring

Lsp = Length of subsea line within the ring based on
the figure of riser approach.



5. The frequency of hit can be estimated based on the number of lifts,
the drop frequency per lift and the probability of hit to the exposed
sections of the subsea lines. For a certain ring around the drop point.

Nlift = number of lifts assumed as table below


Overall annual risk of any dropped object
impacting on pipeline

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6. The shape of dropped objects will be different impacted the pipeline,
that impact energies are different. The range and probabilities of impact
energies is show in Table below:




7. Accumulated Hit Frequency for different Impact Energy Levels(i.e each
object category hit (impact) pipeline can be given different frequency
probabilities.

8. Total Energy Absorbed

E other see table 8 DNV RP F107
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Impact Energies for given dent sizes. i.e the pipe deformation 5%,10%..
need energies is:

Energy absorbed by the gravel dump and natural backfill:
Dropped object is tubule object:
For other than non-tubular objects, like containers.
The bearing capacity coefficients can be chosen as Nq = 99 and N = 137. The effective unit weight is
assumed to be 11 kN/m3. s is a shape factor equal to 0.6, and L is the length of the impacting side,
z = penetration depth, Ap = plugged area of the falling pipe ,
Energy absorbed by concrete coating
X0 : assumed as concrete coating thickness
With each pipe deformation need total energy
absorbed ex. As table side:

Dent depth, % Energy Required, kJ
5 63.62
10 90.50
15 125.31
20 166.54
25 213.30
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9. Each energy absorbed must be calculated frequency of impact to make
pipe deformation 5%, 10%..



10. Probability of Damage and Release based on dent diameter. i.e.

Condition Probability see table below:
Calculation Probability of Damage. Note : Damage due to D1 is not considered to give
damage leading to failure. The failure frequency is obtained by adding the results for
damage class D2 and D3. i.e.
Dent Depth Impact Frequency
5 4.95E-06
10 1.29E-06
15 1.12E-06
20 7.72E-07
25 5.57E-06
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Calculation Probability of Release. Note : release due to R0 is not considered to give
release as defined in section 4.2 DNV RP F107 . The failure frequency is obtained by
adding the results for damage class D2 and D3. i.e.



Failure Frequency due to Dropped Object will be checked with DNV OS F101. i.e.


11. Question 1 : Method of protected if DAMAGE_RESULT is FAIL
???????
Protect Frame
Concrete mattress
Concrete Sleeper
Lids

3 METHODOLOGY
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II. DROPPED ANCHOR ALONG ROUTE
Shipping activity could be required to cast
anchor (cross/along pipeline route)
Anchor can be impact directly on top of the
pipeline or dropped vicinity the pipeline
route can be drag
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwaVD2KqitM&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gmZXzmGNg0&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okKGTPA-470&feature=related

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II. DROPPED ANCHOR ALONG ROUTE
Dropped Anchor from Shipping Activity
along Pipeline Route
Anchor Impact Directed
Pipeline
Anchor Vicinity Pipeline
Route (Anchor Dragging)
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A. Input Data
Anchor Dimension
Pipe Data
External diameter, wall thickness, concrete coating
Concrete Cube Strength,(DNV F107-The cube strength varies typical from 35 to 45
MPa) fcu (NOTE: specification concrete coating)
Environment Data
Water Depth
Hydrodynamic data(density of seawater, )

..
1. ANCHOR IMPACT
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1. ANCHOR IMPACT
B. Methodology based old project. (NOTED)
1) Impact energy

m: mass of anchor at impact position.
Vt : Terminal Velocity at impact position.
Question 2: What is Terminal Velocity ?
Terminal Velocity is found when the object is in balance with respect to gravitation
forces, displaced volume and flow resistance. i.e. The object fall with a constant
velocity. Following DNV RP F017, after approximately 50-100 meters, a sinking object
will usually have reached its terminal velocity. A question this here as what happen
before 50 meter.
Terminal Velocity is defined as below method:
The object falling with low speeds and faster
every second until object reaches a terminal
velocity (due to drag force resisting and
Buoyancy effects ).
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1. ANCHOR IMPACT
Based on defined above and Newton II law the velocity can be:


i.e.
The velocity at all position can be calculated as:
For dropped object scenarios, results of the risk assessment are not
normally very sensitive to an absolutely correct capacity assessment.
Therefore variety of impact energy is estimated within 20% will normally
give acceptable variations in the resulting risk level. i.e. Ek = E. 20%
2) Following DNV RP F107:
x0: Penetration depth of object into coating
Y: Crushing strength of the concrete
b: Is the breadth of the impacting object,
h: The depth
D: Pipeline diameter


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C. Discussion
Question 3 :Which criteria using to check damage impact ? i.e. how many penetration
depth of anchor into coating is damage /safety ?
Note : a methodology will be added to check pipe deformation of anchor into pipe steel
(dent depth).
E assumed as =50%( or 60%) Ek
Percent of Pipe deformation and pipe diameter
will calculated form E.q 3 (side) will be checked with
5% i.e. if (/D <5% ,Minor Damage, Major damage)


1. ANCHOR IMPACT
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2. ANCHOR DRAGGING
A. Input Data
Anchor data
Weight anchor
Fluke length
Shank width
Angle between fluke and shank
Soil Data
Fiction angle if sand
Clay

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B. Methodology
Each type different anchor (fluke length, weight ) will be given anchor penetration into
different soil layer based on figure below:
The anchor drop vicinity pipeline route can be drag anchor, that will be avoid as propose
burial pipeline.
The minimum burial depth requirement to avoid anchor
dragging
CL : Clearance Proposed is assumed 0.5m
2. ANCHOR DRAGGING
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2. ANCHOR DRAGGING
C. Discussion
Based on analysis in methodology section, the burial depth is required all the route
(Actual, the pipeline just burial in shore approach section).
Question 4: The shore approach section will be buried to avoid effect wave, reduced
concrete thickness , anchor drop/drag and trawl gear. Will other section be buried? Why
not
Cost buried
What method to protect pipeline to avoid damage due to anchor drop/drag outside shore
approach section?(ex. Have 10 ship line busy crossing route pipeline )
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