TUTORIAL 1

TSL14
Definitions and Types
of Curriculum
Prepared by:
Akram Hakimi
Anis Nurdinie
Farah
Fatin Afiqah
Nurul Munirah


What is curriculum?
Curriculum is a structured set of learning
outcomes or task that educators usually call
goals and objectives.
( Howell and Evans 1995)

The total effort of the school to bring about
desired outcomes in school and out-of-school
situations.

What is curriculum?
Curriculum is a design PLAN for learning
that requires the purposeful and proactive
organization, sequencing, and management
of the interactions among the teacher, the
students, and the content knowledge we
want students to acquire.
Subject/Teacher Centered
Curriculum
The subject centered curriculum is
based on subject. All knowledge is
transferred to student through the
subjects.
Subject matter taught should reflect
basic areas that are essentials and
agreed upon content for learner
attainment.
Subject/Teacher centered
curriculum
Ignores interest of students
No process of insight or thinking
Rote memory
Neglects social problems and demands
Passive learning


Objectives of subject
centered curriculum


To transfer cultural heritage
To represent knowledge
To impart information

Learner Centered Curriculum
A link between courses and children
psychology
According to the interest and tendency
of children.
Facilitate the mind of children
because it fulfills their psychological
and mental requirements.
Learner Centered Curriculum
A learner centered curriculum is a
process that brings together
cognitive,
emotional, and
environmental influences and
experiences for acquiring, enhancing, or
making changes in learners
knowledge,
skills,
values,
and world views.

Teachers Centered V/S
Learner-Centered Curriculum
Teacher-Centered Learner-Centered
Focus is on instructor Focus is on both students and instructor
Instructor talks; students listen Instructor models; students interact with
instructor and one another
Students work alone Students work in pairs, in groups, or alone
depending on the purpose of the activity
Instructor monitors and corrects every student
utterance
Students talk without constant instructor
monitoring
Instructor chooses topics Students have some choice of topics
Instructor answers students questions about
language
Students answer each others questions, using
instructor as an information resource
Classroom is quite Classroom is often noisy and busy
Instructor evaluates student learning Students evaluate their own learning; instructor
also evaluates
Activity Based Curriculum
Active Learning
Includes everything from listening practices which
help the students to absorb what they hear,
to short writing exercises in which students react to
lecture material,
to complex group exercises in which students apply
course material to "real life" situations and/or to
new problems.

Activity Based Curriculum
According to Tanner and Tanner, Activity
curriculum is an attempt to treat learning as an
active process.
Activity curriculum discards the boundaries and the
curriculum was centered largely on areas of child
interest.
The objective of curriculum was child growth
through experience.

Components of good active
learning
Activities should have:
A definite beginning and ending
A clear purpose or objective
Contain complete and understandable
directions
A feedback mechanism

Integrated Curriculum
Integrated curriculum refers to a non-
compartmentalized approach, e.g.
In general science learning, as opposed
to separate subjects such as
Physics,
Chemistry and
Biology


Integrated Curriculum
describing a movement towards
integrated lessons helping students
makes connections across curriculum.
as a tool that can help educate
students and engage them in the
learning process.
Integrated Curriculum
Integrated curriculum is basically adding
another element to existing materials or
activities.
What usually ends up happening is the child
adds that element to their play or
exploration. A
nd that stimulates more curiosity and
possibilities, which exercises their thinking
skills.

Integrated Curriculum
Whenever possible, teacher work to
integrate many subject areas under a
common theme when teaching.
For example, the second grade unit about insects in
science may include reading Going To Be A
Butterfly for reading, and graphing students
favorite insects for math. Instead of seeing learning
as separate subjects unrelated to each other,
children gain a deeper understanding of overall
knowledge and how it all relates.

Core Curriculum
Core refers to the heart of experiences
every learner must go through. Or
Fundamental knowledge that all students are
required to learn in school.
A core curriculum is a curriculum, or course
of study, which is deemed central and
usually made mandatory for all students of a
school or school system.

Core Curriculum
It refers to the area of study, courses
or subjects that students must
understand in order to be recognized
as educated in the area.
The learner has no option but to study
the prescribed course or subjects.

Educators defines
A core curriculum is a predetermined body
of skills, knowledge, and abilities is taught
to all students.
As in mathematics(in Arithmetic), all pupils
need to acquire proficiency in addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division.
It contains core or exact precise subject
matter, usable in society.

Hidden Curriculum
The messages of hidden curriculum may support or
contradict each other as well as the written
curriculum.
For example, while school social studies curriculum
typically emphasizes and even celebrates
democratic political systems and principles, such as
one person-one vote and majority rule and minority
rights, these principles are not always practiced in
public school classrooms and corridors.

Collateral Curriculum
The collateral curriculum is designed intentionally
to afford students the opportunity to learn
empowering concepts, principles, and ideas
peripheral or outside the subject being taught.
Though the teacher intends learning outcomes for
the collateral curriculum, the knowledge is not
specified in the instructional objectives nor is it
assessed. In this sense, the collateral curriculum is a
planned hidden curriculum.

Null Curriculum
The null curriculum is that which is
not taught in schools.
Eisner (1994) suggests that what
curriculum designers and/or teachers
choose to leave out of the curriculum
the null curriculumsends a covert
message about what is to be valued (p.
96-97).

Null Curriculum
What children dont learn is as important as
what they do learn. What the curriculum
neglects is as important as what it teaches
(Eisner).
Curriculum design has become more an
issue of deciding what you wont teach as
well as what you will teach. You cannot do
it all. As a designer, you must choose the
essential (Jacobs, 1997, p. 27).

Spiral curriculum


Bruner (1960) wrote, A curriculum as
it develops should revisit this basic
ideas repeatedly, building upon them
until the student has grasped the full
formal apparatus that goes with them
(p. 13).

A GOOD CURRICULUM CAN CHANGE THE
FACE AND FATE OF A NATION