Moment Distribution

Moment Distribution
ERT 348 Controlled Environment Design 1

Ms Siti Kamariah Binti Md Saat
School of Bioprocess Engineering,
UniMAP
sitikamariah@unimap.edu.my
Introduction
Such structures are indeterminate, i.e. there are
more unknown variables than can be solved
using only the three equations of equilibrium.
This section deals with continuous beams and
propped cantilevers.
An American engineer, Professor Hardy Cross,
developed a very simple, elegant and practical
method of analysis for such structures called
Moment Distribution.
Indeterminate structures
Bending (Rotational) Stiffness
A fundamental relationship which exists in the
elastic behaviour of structures and structural
elements is that between an applied force
system and the displacements which are
induced by that system,
Force = Stiffness x Displacement
P = k x
Stifness, k = P/
when = 1.0 (i.e. unit displacement) the
stiffness is: the force necessary to maintain a
UNIT displacement, all other displacements
being equal to zero.

Bending (Rotational) Stiffness
The displacement can be a shear displacement,
an axial displacement, a bending (rotational)
displacement or a torsional displacement, each
in turn producing the shear, axial, bending or
torsional stiffness.
When considering beam elements in continuous
structures using the moment distribution method
of analysis, the bending stiffness is the principal
characteristic which influences behaviour.

Example:
The force (M
A
) necessary to maintain this
displacement can be shown (e.g. Using
McCaulays Method) to be equal to (4EI)/L.
If the bending stiffness of the beam is equal to
(Force/1.0), therefore k = (4EI)/L.
This is known as the absolute bending stiffness
of the element.
General Principles & Definition
Member stiffness factor

Joint stiffness factor
The total stiffness factor of joint A is
2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Structural Analysis 7
th
Edition
Chapter 12: Displacement Method of Analysis: Moment Distribution
L
EI
K
4
=
10000 1000 5000 4000 = + + = = K K
T
General Principles & Definition
Member relative stiffness factor
Quite often a continuous beam or a frame will be
made from the same material
E will therefore be constant
th
Edition
L
I
K
R
=
Carry-Over Moment
When the beam element deforms due to the
applied rotation at end A, an additional moment
(M
B
) is also transferred by the element to the
remote end if it has zero slope (i.e. is fixed).
The moment M
B
is known as the carry-over
moment.
Carry-Over Moment
Carry-over (CO) factor

Solving for u and equating these eqn,

The moment M at the pin induces a moment of
M = 0.5M at the wall
In the case of a beam with the far end fixed, the
CO factor is +0.5
A A

2
;
4
u u
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
L
EI
M
L
EI
M
B A
A B
M M 5 . 0 =
Carry-Over Moment
Therefore be stated that if a moment is applied
to one end of a beam then a moment of the
same sense and equal to half of its value will be
transferred to the remote end provided that it is
fixed.
If the remote end is pinned, then the beam is
less stiff and there is no carry-over moment.

Pinned End
the stiffness of a pin-ended
beam is equal to the stiffness of a
fixed-end beam.
Free Bending Moment
When a beam is free to rotate at both ends, no
bending moment can develop at the supports,
then the bending moment diagram resulting from
the applied loads on the beam is known as the
Free Bending Moment Diagram.

Fixed Bending Moment
When a beam is fixed at the ends (encastre) such that it
cannot rotate, i.e. zero slope at the supports, then
bending moments are induced at the supports and are
called Fixed-End Moments.
The bending moment diagram associated only with the
fixed-end moments is called the Fixed Bending Moment
Diagram.

Fixed Bending Moment
+
Example calculation 1:
1
2
1
2
Propped Cantilever
The fixed-end moment for propped cantilevers
(i.e. one end fixed and the other end simply
supported) can be derived from the standard
values given for encastre beams as follows.
Consider the propped cantilever, which supports
a uniformly distributed load as indicated.

Propped Cantilever
The structure can be considered to be the superposition
of an encastre beam with the addition of an equal and
opposite moment to M
B
applied at B to ensure that the
final moment at this support is equal to zero.

Example calculation 2:
Solutions:
Example: Solution
Example: Solution
Distribution Factor
Distribution Factor (DF)
That fraction of the total resisting moment supplied
by the member is called the distribution factor (DF)
K
K
DF
K
K
M
M
DF
i
i i
i
= =
u
u
Consider 1 case
Total stiffness at the support = K = K
BA
+ K
BC

The moment absorbed by beam BA

The moment absorbed by beam AB
Stiffness of span BA = K
BA
= (I
1
/L
1
)
Stiffness of span BC = K
BC
= (I
2
/L
2
)
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
K
K
M M
K
K
M M
AB
BA
x
x
applied 2
applied 1
Example Calculation 1:
6 . 0
) 60 ( 4 ) 40 ( 4
) 60 ( 4
4 . 0
) 60 ( 4 ) 40 ( 4
) 40 ( 4
/ ) 10 )( 60 ( 4
4
) 10 )( 240 ( 4
/ ) 10 )( 40 ( 4
3
) 10 )( 120 ( 4
4 6
6
4 6
6
=
+
=
=
+
=
= =
= =
E E
E
DF
E E
E
DF
m mm E
E
K
m mm E
E
K
BC
BA
BC
BA
L
EI
K
4
=
K
K
DF
=
Solution:
kNm
wL
FEM
kNm
wL
FEM
CB
BC
8000
12
) (
8000
12
) (
2
2
= =
= =
Note that the above results could also have been
obtained if the relative stiffness factor is used
Solution:
As a result, portions of this moment are
distributed in spans BC and BA in accordance
with the DFs of these spans at the joint
Moment in BA is 0.4(8000) = 3200Nm
Moment in BC is 0.6(8000) = 4800Nm
These moment must be carried over since
moments are developed at the far ends of the
span

Solution
Determine the internal moment at each support of the
beam. The moment of inertia of each span is indicated.
Example Calculation 2 (Example 12.2)
th
Edition
A moment does not get distributed in the overhanging
span AB
So the distribution factor (DF)
BA
=0
Span BC is based on 4EI/L since the pin rocker is not at
the far end of the beam
Solution
th
Edition
E
E
K
E
E
K
CD
BC
) 10 ( 320
3
) 10 )( 240 ( 4
) 10 ( 300
4
) 10 )( 300 ( 4
6
6
6
6
= =
= =
Solution
th
Edition
Nm
wL
FEM
Nm
wL
FEM
Nm m N FEM
DF DF
E E
E
DF
DF DF
CB
BC
BA
DC CD
CB
BA BC
2000
12
) (
2000
12
) (
4000 ) 2 ( 2000 ) ( overhang, to Due
0 ; 516 . 0
484 . 0
320 300
300
1 0 1 ) ( 1
2
2
= =
= =
= =
= =
=
+
=
= = =
The overhanging span requires the internal moment
to the left of B to be +4000Nm.
Balancing at joint B requires an internal moment of
4000Nm to the right of B.
-2000Nm is added to BC in order to satisfy this
condition.
The distribution & CO operations proceed in the
usual manner.
Since the internal moments are known, the moment
diagram for the beam can be constructed.
Solution
th
Edition
Solution
th
Edition
Stiffness-Factor Modifications
Member pin supported at far end
As shown the applied moment M rotates end A by
an amt u
To determine u, the shear in the conjugate beam at
A must be determined
u u
L
EI
M
EI
L
V
L L
EI
M
L V M
A
A B
3 3
'
0
3
2
2
1
) ( ' 0
'
= = =
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
Member pin supported at far end (contd)
The stiffness factor in the beam is

The CO factor is zero, since the pin at B does not
support a moment
By comparison, if the far end was fixed supported,
the stiffness factor would have to be modified by
to model the case of having the far end pin
supported
L
EI
K
3
=
Symmetric beam & loading
The bending-moment diagram for the beam will
also be symmetric
To develop the appropriate stiffness-factor
modification consider the beam
Due to symmetry, the internal
moment at B & C are equal
Assuming this value to
be M, the conjugate
beam for span BC is shown
Symmetric beam & loading (contd)

Moments for only half the beam can be distributed
provided the stiffness factor for the center span is
computed
u
u u
L
EI
K
L
EI
M
EI
ML
V
L
L
EI
M
L V M
B
B C
2
2
2
'
0
2
) ( ' - 0
'
=
= = =
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
Symmetric beam with asymmetric loading
Consider the beam as shown
The conjugate beam for its center span BC is
shown
Due to its asymmetric loading, the internal moment
at B is equal but opposite to that at C
Symmetric beam with asymmetric loading
Assuming this value to be M, the slope u at each
end is determined as follows:
L
EI
K
L
EI
M
EI
ML
V
L L
EI
M L L
EI
M
L V
M
B
B
C
6
6
6
'
0
6 2 2
1
6
5
2 2
1
) ( ' -
0
'
=
= = =
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
u u
Determine the internal moments at the supports of the beam shown
below. The moment of inertia of the two spans is shown in the figure.
Example Calculation 3 (Example 12.4)
th
Edition
The beam is roller supported at its far end C.
The stiffness of span BC will be computed on the
basis of K = 3EI/L
We have:
Solution
th
Edition
E
E
L
EI
K
E
E
L
EI
K
BC
AB
) 10 ( 180
4
) 10 )( 240 ( 3 3
) 10 ( 160
3
) 10 )( 120 ( 4 4
6
6
6
6
= = =
= = =

Solution
th
Edition
1
180
180
5294 . 0
180 160
180
4706 . 0
180 160
160
0
160
160
= =
=
+
=
=
+
=
=
+
=
E
E
DF
E E
E
DF
E E
E
DF
E
E
DF
CB
BC
BA
AB
Nm
wL
FEM
BC
12000
8
) 4 ( 6000
8
) (
2 2
=
= =
The forgoing data are entered into table as shown.
The moment distribution is carried out.
By comparison, the method considerably simplifies the
distribution.
The beams end shears & moment diagrams are shown.
Solution
th
Edition

Moment Distribution

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ERT 348 Controlled Environment Design 1

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