Respiratory System

A system in our body which

is responsible for gas
exchange.
Parts
A. Lungs
B. Air passages
Functions
Takes in oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Body has 4-6 minute supply of oxygen
Air Passages
1. Nose
2 nostrils or nares
Nasal septum
Divides nose into 2 nasal cavities
Lined
With mucous membrane with a rich blood supply
Functions
Warms
Moistens
Filters

Cilia
Tiny hair-like structures
that help move dirt
trapped in mucous to the
esophagus
Olfactory Receptor
Receptors for sense of
smell
Lacrimal Ducts
Tear ducts
Drain tears from the eye
into the nose
Olfactory Receptors

Sinuses
Cavities in the skull that
surround the nasal area
Connected to nasal cavities
by short ducts
Function
Warms and moistens air
Lined with mucous
membrane
Provides resonance for the
voice
2. Pharynx
Throat
Lies behind the nasal
passages
3 sections
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx


3. Larynx
Voice box
Layers of cartilage
Largest is the thyroid cartilage
commonly called the Adam's apple
Contains
Vocal chords
Vibrate on exhaled air to produce
sound
The tongue and lips act on the
sound to produce speech
Epiglottis
Flap of cartilage that closes the
larynx during swallowing and
prevents food and liquids from
entering the trachea



4. Trachea
Windpipe
Series of C shaped
cartilage to keep the tube
open to the back
Divide into the right and left
5. bronchi
Continues to divide into
smaller 6. bronchioles
End in the alveoli
Air sacs

7. Alveoli
- One cell thick and
surrounded by
capillaries
- Look like a cluster of
grapes
- Allow the exchange of
oxygen and carbon
dioxide

Surfactant
- Surfactant
- Reduces surface
pressure and
prevents alveoli
from collapsing
Exchange of Gases
Lungs
Right lung 3 lobes
Left lung 2 lobes due to
the heart
Pleura
Covered by a
double layer sac
called the pleura

Ventilation
Process of breathing
Diaphragm
Muscle of
respiration
Assisted by the
intercostal muscles
Phases of respiration
Inspiration
Inhale
Expiration
Exhale

Diaphragm
Dome-shaped
muscle that
separates the
thoracic cavity
from the
abdominal
cavity
Process of Respiration
Controlled by the
medulla oblongata in
the brain
An increase in amount
of CO
2
in the blood ,
increases the rate of
respiration
Both involuntary and
voluntary process

Stages of Respiration
External
Respiration
Exchange of
gases
between air
in the lung
and the
blood
Internal Respiration
Exchange of
gases
between
the blood
and the
cells

Cellular Respiration
Use of
gases to
make
energy,
water
and CO
2

Summary of air flow
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Primary Bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
Tertiary Bronchi
Broncheoles
Terminal Broncheoles
Respiratory Broncheoles
Alveoli is the only site of gas exchange
Diseases
Asthma
Inflammation of
airways with
increased mucous
production and
muscle constriction
Cause allergen,
exercise, stress,
chemical
S/S - wheezing,
coughing, dyspnea,
shortness of breath
Tx -
bronchodilators,
steroids
Nebulizer Inhaler
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the
bronchi and bronchial
tubes
Acute infection
Chronic longtime
exposure to smoking
S/S productive cough,
dyspnea, fever, chest
pain
Tx antibiotics,
bronchodilators, oxygen
Emphysema
Emphysema
Non infectious, chronic
respiratory condition when
walls of alveoli deteriorate
and loss elasticity
CO
2
remains trapped in the
alveoli
Poor exchange of gases
S/S dypnea, feeling of
suffocation, barrel chest
TX No cure
Epistaxis
Nosebleed
Congested capillaries
bleed
Due to injury, blowing
too hard, hypertension
TX pinch nostrils lean
forward slightly
Influenza
Flu
Viral infection of the
lungs
Spread by respiratory
droplet
S/S - fever, malaise,
chills, cough, sore
throat, muscle pain
Tx - symptomatic
Lung Cancer
Leading cause of death of
men and women
S/S no symptoms in early
stages, later cough
hemoptysis
Tx surgical removal,
radiation, chemotherapy
Pneumonia
Inflammation or
infection of the lungs
Build up of exudates
(fluid) in the alveoli
S/S cough, chest pain,
fever, dyspnea
Tx antibiotics, bed
rest, fluids, respiratory
therapy, pain
medication

Rhinitis, Laryngitis, Sinusitis
Tuberculosis
Infectious lung disease
caused by the bacteria
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Can be walled off in a
tubercle and become
dormant
New strains are drug
resistant
S/S fatigue, fever, night
sweats, hemoptysis weight
loss, chest pain
Tx - several drugs over a
period of two years