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Optoelectronics Devices

• St. Vincent Palotti College of Engineering


June 22-25, 2009
Recent Developments in
the field of
Solid State Lighting

Charusheela Joshi
Physics Department,
Shri RKNEC, Nagpur
Lighting and Civilization
Lighting can be considered as an
index of civilization.
• Earth by night, as viewed from
the satellites, shows illuminated
spots and dark areas.
• Intensely illuminated areas
correspond to developed
countries while dark areas to
underdeveloped.
History of Lighting
Lighting Landmarks

• Fossil fuels
• oil lamps
• oil vapour at pressure
• gas mantle
• Incandescent lamps
• Gas discharge lamps
• Fluorescent lamps
Lighting Landmarks
cont.
• Tri-colour lamps- CFL
• White LED
• LED lamps
• Future- HID lamps?
Incandescent lamp

• Lighting source using oil/fossil


fuels are potential hazards.
• More so in places like firework
factories, mines, etc.
• Incandescent lamp works on
black body radiation. No flame,
no fire hazards.
Hg-discharge
• In tungsten filament lamps, lot
of energy is wasted as heat.
• In Hg- discharge, about 60 %
electrical energy is converted
to light.
• Light is in UV region.
• Phosphors needed to convert
UV light to visible.
Fluorescent Lighting
• Phosphors are material which
absorb UV radiation and convert
it into useful visible light.
• During world war 2, it was necessary to
run the factories round the clock. Efficient
“fluorescent
lighting was needed.
lighting” was the solution.
• Fluorescence lighting
technology developed in Great
Britain was freely given to India.
Properties required of a
phosphor
• 1.Efficeint absorption of UV and
conversion to visible light.
• 2 Good colour rendition
• 3 High quenching temperature
• 4 Transparency in visible region
• 5 Good persistence
• 6 Stability against Hg discharge
• 7 Stability under industrial
Handling
Halophosphate

• Ca4.7Sb0.03Mn0.15(PO4)3(F,Cl)0.95 is used
as the phosphor.
• Sb gives blue emission and Mn
Yellow.
• Blue +Yellow = White
Tri-colour lamp-invention
• Colour rendition of “tubelight “ is
poor. Red colour not properly
seen.
• Adding red phosphor decreases
effective lamp output
• Tri-colour lamp was proposed by
Koedam and Opstelten in 1971-
• and developed by Thornton in
1972.
Tri-colour lamp-principle
• Good colour rendition can be
obtained if three colours blue,
green and red are mixed in proper
ratio.
• Eye sensitivity drops for blue and
red colours.
• Optimization- not too much drop
in sensitivity- and good colour
rendition- if three narrow band
phosphors emitting at 450, 540
and 610 nm are blended.
Compact fluorescent lamp
• New phosphors replacing
halophosphate were developed.
These are
• BAM BaMgAl1o O17 :Eu 2+
(450 nm)
• Ce0.67 Tb0.33 MgAl11 O19 (543 nm)
• Y2O3:Eu3+ (611 nm)
• The phosphors can withstand
high temperature hence handle
high wall load.
• Compact lamps possible.
CFL- Dark side

• Compact fluorescent lamps are


efficient and aesthetic, also
have long life.
• However they use mercury.
• Safe disposal of burnt lamps
must. Mercury can pose serious
threat to environment.
GaN LED- beginning of
new era
• Around 1995, GaN based LEDs
with high light output were
manufactured. High light output
possible due to nanomaterials.
• LEDs emit blue light.
• If they are coated with yellow
phosphor, white light can be
generated.
White LED lamps
• Between 1996-2000, in US
alone, about 100 companies
started manufacture of white
LED lamps.
• Blue emission is provided by
InGaN LED.
• YAG:Ce3+ absorbs part of blue
light and converts it to yellow
light.
• Blue +Yellow = White
LED Based Approach to
White Light

Figure : Approaches to solid-state lighting sources


for general lighting applications
Typical Solid State
Lamps
Tri-colour LED lamps
• Following success of White LED’s,
mercury based lamps were banned in
US and Europe (Ban came into effect,
Sep.2008)
• White LED’s do not have good colour
rendition.
• UV emitting GaN LED were invented.
• Using phosphors emitting in primary
colours by absorbing near UV light, tri
colour LED lamps developed
Solid State Lighting

• To distingush the new lighting


formula from fluorescent
lighting the phrase “Solid
State Lighting” was coined.
Comparison of LEDs and
conventional light sources.
Spot lights for surgery
Our Contribution…
Phosphors synthesized
• For UV LED-
• Blue-AE1-AE2-O:ns2 (patent filed)
• Blue-mixed halides:Eu2+ (patent
filed)
• RED- Y2O2S:Eu3+ , Eu(TTA)3
• Green (alq3)
• For Violet LED
• CaS:Sb3+
AE1-AE2:ns2

700

600

500
Alk.AE-X-Eu2+
2500
Eu Co nc.0 .1 mo l %
2000 0 .2 3000

INTENSITY
2000
0.5
PL INTENSITY

1000
1500 1.0 0
0 0.5 1
BAM Eu Conc.
1000

500 BAM

0
220 270 320 370 420 470 520 570
W AV E LE NG TH (nm)
Y2O2S:Eu3+

250

200

150
Intensity

100

50

0
200 400 600
Wavelength
CaS:Sb

R 600
e SSP 153 CaS:Sb(5%)
l Flux 1000 --> 700
a
t
500 x 6.66
I x 6.66
v
e
400
I
n 300
t
e
n
s
200
I
t
y 100
(a.u.)

0
220 320 420 520 620 720
Wavelength (nm)
Wake UP

• This is the beginning- not the


end of new lighting Era!!

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