Module 4:Transportation Engineering

Prepared by : Prof Poonam I. Modi

What is a Transportation??
The safe and efficient movement of people and
goods
Branch of engineering which applies technology,
science and human factors to the planning, design,
operations and management of roads, streets,
highways is Transportation Engineering
Aim is to provide safe, rapid, comfortable, efficient,
convenient movement of people, goods and services.

Means of Transport
Modes of
Transport
Land
transport
Roads
Railways
Water
transport
Air
transport
Means of Transport
Land transport
Path ways
Head loads
Pack animals
Road ways
Vehicular
transport
Non-vehicular
transport
Tram ways Railways
Passenger
trains
Goods trains
Means of Transport
Water
transport
Inland
water ways
River
transport
Canal
transport
Ocean
transport
Coastal
shipping
Overseas
shipping
Tank
Liner
Passenger
liner
Cargo liner
Tramp
Means of Transport
Air transport
Passengers Cargo
Classification of Roads
Roads
classification
Based on speed and
accessibility
Based on
Connectivity
Based on Usage
Based on type of
carriage way or
road pavement
Types of roads
Based upon speed and accessibility:
Expressway Roads designed for high speed (120
km/hr) for high traffic volume and safety. Parking,
loading, unloading of goods and pedestrian traffic is not
allowed.

Highways Rural highways (roads passing through
villages) and Urban highways (roads passing through
large cities and towns)


Based upon Connectivity:

National Highway Main highways running through length and breadth of
India connecting major ports, capitals of large state, large industrial and tourist
centres.
State Highway They are arterial roads of state that connect NH of adjacent
states, district head quarters and important cities.
Major District Road Important roads within a district serving areas of
production and markets connecting with each other or major highway
Other District Road Roads serving the rural areas of production and
providing them with outlet to market centers or other important roads like MDR
or SH
Village District Road These are roads connecting villages or group of
villages with each other or to the roads of higher category like MDR or SH

Based upon Usage:
All weather roads Roads which are negotiable during all
weathers, except at major river crossings.
Fair weather roads Roads that are negotiable only during the
fair weather
Based Upon Carriage way or type of pavement material:
Paved roads with hard surface Provided with hard
pavement course (eg: stones, water bound macadam (WBM) ,
Bituminous macadam (BM) ,concrete roads
Unpaved roads Roads that are not provided with even 1 layer
of hard based course of WBM ( eg: earth and gravel roads)

Macadam Roads:
Macadam is a type of road
construction pioneered by Scottish
engineer John McAdam. (Single sized
aggregate layers of small stones with a
coating of binder as cementing agent
were mixed in open-structure
highway)
Types of Macadam
-WBM (water bound macadam
gaps between the surface stones are
mixed with stone dust or quarry dust
and water
-Tar bound macadam Layer of tar
was spread on surface
-Asphalt pavement aggregates were
mixed with asphalt as binding material

Construction of the first macadamized road in
the United States (1823). In the foreground,
workers are breaking stones "so as not to
exceed 6 ounces in weight or to pass a two-inch
ring".







Traffic Signs
-Regulatory signs
-Warning Signs
-Informatory signs

Traffic Signals

Road Markings








Traffic Signs:- Mandatory Signs







Traffic Signs:- Mandatory Signs







Traffic Signs:- Cautionary Signs







Traffic Signs:- Cautionary Signs







Traffic Signs:- Cautionary Signs







Traffic Signs:- Informatory Signs







Traffic Signs:- Informatory Signs







Traffic Markings:




























Public Private Partnership
Fundamental Concepts
Content
What is Public-Private-Partnership?
Why Public-Private-Partnership?
When Public-Private-Partnership?
Public Private Partnership (PPP) Models
PPP (Public Private Partnership) is a collective name for various
relationships between public bodies and private companies.
Traditionally the term is being used for those projects carried out
jointly by the Government and a private company.
Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is
a contract between the public sector and private sector,
which requires new investments by the private partner (money,
or technology, or expertise/time, or reputation, etc.),
which transfers some key risks to the private sector
(design/technology, construction/installation, availability,
demand, etc.),
in which payments are made in exchange for performance,
for the purpose of delivering a service traditionally provided by
the public sector.
Contracting with a private company to Renovate, Construct,
Operate, Maintain, and/or Manage a facility or system
What is Public-Private-Partnership?
Why Public-Private-Partnership?
Bringing Added Value of optimisation of services by a private
service provider, allowing the government to keep hold of the reins
while at the same time minimising its own involvement in the
actual execution of the work
Realising benefits from the projects earlier than would otherwise
be possible within the current budgets, because they have been
financed up front by a private party
Not every project is suitable for PPP outsourcing.
Most appropriate when:
The scale of project / task is manageable
Projects / Tasks where the responsibility can be defined for a
longer period
PPP is often seen as being a solution for a lack of governmental
resources or for financing the governmental deficit
When Public-Private-partnership?
Public Private Partnership (PPP) Models
New Projects
Government role
Design
Build
(DB)
Design
Build
Maintain
(DBM)
Design
Build
Operate
(DBO)
Design
Build
Operate
Maintain
(DBOM)
Build
Own
Lease
Transfer
(BOLT)
Build
Own
Operate
(BOO)
Service
Contracts
Management
Contracts
Lease Concessions Divestiture
Public Responsibility Private Responsibility
Build
Own
Operate
Transfer
(BOOT)
Design
Build
Finance
Maintain
Operate
(DBOM)
Existing Services and Facilities
Provider
Enabler &
Regulator
Design-Build (DB): The private sector designs and builds
infrastructure to meet public sector performance specifications,
often for a fixed price, so the risk of cost overruns is transferred to
the private sector. (Many do not consider DB's to be within the
spectrum of PPP's).
Operation & Maintenance Contract (O & M): A private operator,
under contract, operates a publicly-owned asset for a specified term.
Ownership of the asset remains with the public entity.
Build-Finance: The private sector constructs an asset and finances
the capital cost only during the construction period.
Design-Build-Finance-Maintain (DBFM): The private sector
designs, builds and finances an asset and provides hard facility
management or maintenance services under a long-term agreement.
Design-Build-Finance-Maintain-Operate (DBFMO): The private
sector designs, builds and finances an asset, provides hard and/or
soft facility management services as well as operations under a
long-term agreement.
Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) : Under this scheme the private
participant will not be owning the facility. The private participant
would be entitled to operate the facility for a specific period
during which the revenues from the operation would be shared
between the private participant and the Government or the
Government will be paid lease charges by the private participant.
On completion of the specified time the facility will be transferred
to the Government.
Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT): Under this scheme the
private participant will get an opportunity to own and operate the
facility for some time and during this period the developer can
commercially exploit the facility so developed. After the specified
period the facility would be transferred to the Government.
Build-Own-Lease-Transfer (BOLT):The Private participant will
lease the facility to the Government and the Government will pay
the lease charges for a specific period and on the completion of
the lease period the facility is transferred to the Government.


Build-Own-Operate-Share-Transfer (BOOST): The private
sector is authorized to finance, construct , own, operate and
maintain, share a part of the revenue and return the infrastructure
facility at the end of the period. The private sector is allowed to
recover its total investment, operating and maintenance costs plus
a reasonable return thereon by collecting tolls, fees, rentals or
other charges from facility users.
Build-Own-Operate (BOO): The private sector finances, builds,
owns and operates a facility or service in perpetuity. The public
constraints are stated in the original agreement and through on-
going regulatory authority.
Concession: A private sector concessionaire undertakes
investments and operates the facility for a fixed period of time
after which the ownership reverts back to the public sector.