More Applications

of

the Pumping Lemma

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 The Pumping Lemma:
• Given a infinite regular language L
• there exists an integer m

• for any string w L with length | w |  m

• we can write w x y z

• with | x y |  m and | y |  1
i i  0, 1, 2, ...
• such that: xy z  L
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Non-regular languages R
L  {vv : v  *}

Regular languages

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Theorem: The language
R
L  {vv : v  *}   {a, b}
is not regular

Proof: Use the Pumping Lemma

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 R
L  {vv : v  *}

Assume for contradiction

that L is a regular language

Since L is infinite
we can apply the Pumping Lemma

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 R
L  {vv : v  *}
Let m be the integer in the Pumping Lemma

Pick a string w such that: w  L and

length | w| m

m m m m
We pick wa b b a
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 m m m m
Write a b b a xyz

From the Pumping Lemma

it must be that length | x y |  m, | y | 1

m m m m
xyz  a...aa...a...ab...bb...ba...a
x y z
k
Thus: y  a , k 1
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 m m m m k
x y za b b a y  a , k 1

i
From the Pumping Lemma: xy z  L
i  0, 1, 2, ...

2
Thus: xy z  L
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 m m m m k
x y za b b a y  a , k 1

2
From the Pumping Lemma: xy z  L

m+k m m m
2
xy z = a...aa...aa...a...ab...bb...ba...a ∈ L
x y y z

m k m m m
Thus: a b b a L
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 m k m m m
a b b a L k 1

R
BUT: L  {vv : v  *}

m k m m m
a b b a L

CONTRADICTION!!!
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Therefore: Our assumption that L
is a regular language is not true

Conclusion: L is not a regular language

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Non-regular languages
n l n l
L  {a b c : n, l  0}

Regular languages

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Theorem: The language
n l n l
L  {a b c : n, l  0}
is not regular

Proof: Use the Pumping Lemma

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 n l n l
L  {a b c : n, l  0}

Assume for contradiction

that L is a regular language

Since L is infinite
we can apply the Pumping Lemma

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 n l n l
L  {a b c : n, l  0}

Let m be the integer in the Pumping Lemma

Pick a string w such that: w  L and

length | w| m

m m 2m
We pick wa b c
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 m m 2m
Write a b c xyz

From the Pumping Lemma

it must be that length | x y |  m, | y | 1

m m 2m
xyz  a...aa...aa...ab...bc...cc...c
x y z
k
Thus: y  a , k 1
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 m m 2m k
x y za b c y  a , k 1

i
From the Pumping Lemma: xy z  L
i  0, 1, 2, ...

0
Thus: x y z = xz ∈ L

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 m m 2m k
x y za b c y  a , k 1

From the Pumping Lemma: xz  L

mk m 2m
xz  a...aa...ab...bc...cc...c  L
x z

mk m 2m
Thus: a b c L
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 mk m 2m
a b c L k 1

n l n l
BUT: L  {a b c : n, l  0}

mk m 2m
a b c L

CONTRADICTION!!!
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Therefore: Our assumption that L
is a regular language is not true

Conclusion: L is not a regular language

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 n!
Non-regular languages L  {a : n  0}

Regular languages

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Theorem: The language n!
L  {a : n  0}
is not regular

n!  1  2  (n  1)  n

Proof: Use the Pumping Lemma

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 n!
L  {a : n  0}

Assume for contradiction

that L is a regular language

Since L is infinite
we can apply the Pumping Lemma

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 n!
L  {a : n  0}

Let m be the integer in the Pumping Lemma

Pick a string w such that: w  L

length | w| m

m!
We pick wa
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 m!
Write a xyz

From the Pumping Lemma

it must be that length | x y |  m, | y | 1
m m! m
m!
xyz  a  a...aa...aa...aa...aa...a
x y z
k
Thus: y  a , 1 k  m
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 m! k
x y za y  a , 1 k  m

i
From the Pumping Lemma: xy z  L
i  0, 1, 2, ...

2
Thus: xy z  L

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 m! k
x y za y  a , 1 k  m

2
From the Pumping Lemma: xy z  L

mk m!m
2
xy z  a...aa...aa...aa...aa...aa...a  L
x y y z

m! k
Thus: a L
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 m! k
a L 1 k  m

n!
Since: L  {a : n  0}

There must exist p such that:

m! k  p!

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However: m! k  m! m for m 1
 m! m!
 m!m  m!
 m!(m  1)
 (m  1)!

m! k  (m  1)!

m! k  p! for any p

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 m! k 1 k  m
a L

n!
BUT: L  {a : n  0}

m! k
a L

CONTRADICTION!!!
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Therefore: Our assumption that L
is a regular language is not true

Conclusion: L is not a regular language

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