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B.Tech., Semester V
Course: Digital Communication

Faculty: Kumar Vaibhav, Assistant Professor, Department of
Electronics & Communication, ASET, Amity University Rajasthan

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Delta
Modulation
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ASET Block Diagram
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Fig. 1.
ASET Waveform
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Fig. 2. The response of a delta modulator to a baseband signal m(t).
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Description of Waveform
For a time preceding t
1
, we find m(t) > ()

so
that s
0
(t) = V(H).
At t
1
, when the active clock edge appears, the
counter is incremented and immediately the
signal ()

jumps up by an amount equal to the

step size S.
At t
2
, we still find m(t) > ()

so s
0
(t) remains at
V(H) and there is another upward jump in ()

A t
3
, m(t) < ()

, so s
0
(t) becomes s
0
(t) = V(L),
the counter decrements,
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and there is a consequent downwards jumps in
()

by amount S and so on.

Note that at start-up, there may be a brief
interval when ()

may be a poor
approximation to the baseband signal m(t).
This feature is illustrated in fig. 3.
Hence we note an initial large discrepancy
between m(t) and ()

and the stepwise

approach of ()

to m(t).


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Fig.3. Illustrating the start-up response in delta
modulation and the hunting of ()

about m(t).
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We note further that even when ()

has
caught up to m(t), and even though m(t)
remains unvarying, ()

hunts, swinging up or
down, above and below m(t).
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ASET Advantages of DM
Since, the delta modulation transmits only one
bit for one sample, therefore the signaling
transmission channel bandwidth is quite small
for delta modulation compared.
The transmitter and receiver implementation is
very much simple for delta modulation
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ASET Drawbacks of DM
Slope overload distortion
Granular or idle noise
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Slope Overload Distortion
This distortion arises because of large dynamic
range of the input signal.
As can be observed from figure 4, the rate of
rise of input signal x(t) is so high that the
staircase signal cannot approximate it.
The step size '' becomes too small for
staircase signal u(t) to follow the step segment
of x(t).
Hence, there is a large error between the
staircase approximated signal and the original
input signal x(t).
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Fig. 4. Quantization Error in Delta Modulation
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This error or noise is known as slope overload
distortion.
To reduce this error, the step size must be
increased when slope of signal x(t) is high.
Since step size of delta modulator remains
fixed, its maximum or minimum slopes occur
along straight lines.
Therefore, this modulator is also known as
Linear Delta Modulator.
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Granular or Idle Noise
Granular or Idle noise occurs when the step
size is too large compared to small the input
signal.
This means that for very small variations in the
input signal, the signal is changed by large
amount () because of large step size.
Figure 4 shows that when the input signal is
almost flat, the staircase signal u(t) keeps on
oscillating by around the signal.
The error between the input and approximated
signal is called granular noise.
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The solution to this problem is to make step
size small.
Therefore, a large step size is required to
accommodate wide dynamic range of the
input signal (to reduce slope overload
distortion) and small steps are to reduce
granular noise.
Adaptive delta modulation is the modification
to these errors.
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THANK YOU
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