Gravimetric and

magnetic exploration
Gravimetric and magnetic
exploration
Role of Gravity and Magnetic Exploration
Potential Field Methods
+ natural source methods
+ non-invasive
+ inexpensive
+ fast
+ easy data collection, reduction, but...
- non-straightforward interpretation
- low resolution
- ambiguous
- not always applicable
Gravimetric and magnetic
exploration
Method Advantages Disadvantages Cost
Ratio
Magnetics Very fast, very cheap Poor resolution, not
always applicable
1
Gravity Fast, cheap Poor resolution 10
Seismic

Fine detail, good
correlation to geology
$$$

100
From a 1999 Edcon brochure advertising their aerogravity/magnetic surveys:
"The cost of conducting an aerogravity/magnetic survey over a 5,000 square
kilometer concession in South America is in the order of $200,000 to $300,000.
The cost of a 3-D seismic survey over only 250 square kilometers can be ten
times that amount."
Gravimetric and magnetic
exploration
Pat Millegan, Marathon Oil, on use of G&M in
industry:
Pat stresses the importance of diversifying your
skills: " seismic does NOT answer all the questions,
all the time...there are MANY seismic failures (e.g.,
one current Marathon project). The main reason G&M
does not see more use is true "ignorance". My job is
10-100 times harder when my "clients" (the
exploration groups...I'm in a service group) know
nothing about G&M. Please stress geophysical
integration to your students. It is the smart way to
explore, but you don't just throw G&M at
everything...don't bother if the geology isn't conducive
to geophysical results."
Gravimetric and magnetic
exploration
1972 Costs of Acquisition and Processing of Geophysical Data (Telford et al.)

x $106 %
Petroleum Exploration
seismic 802 89.7
surface grav/mag 17 1.9
airborne mag 6 0.7
Mineral Exploration
airborne Mag 19 2.1
ground mag 12 1.5
Other 34 3.8
Total 894 100
Gravity and Magnetics in a Nutshell
Gravity is useful wherever the formations of interest
have densities that are appreciably different from those
of surrounding formations.
Some examples:
mapping sedimentary basins, where sedimentary rocks
consistently have lower density than basement rocks
salt bodies: low density of salt
groundwater studies (e.g., Cayman Islands)

Magnetics is useful whenever object of investigation has
a contrast in magnetic susceptibility or remanence
Some examples:
mapping structure on basement
mapping sedimentary basins
direct location of ores containing magnetite

Characteristics of gravity and
magnetic data
Gravity and magnetic anomalies can only
be produced by horizontal changes in rock
properties
Multiple horizontal layers, with only vertical
changes in density and magnetization, will
not produce anomalies regardless of the
magnitudes of these contrasts
Characteristics of gravity and
magnetic data
Anomaly amplitudes are generally
proportional to density contrast,
magnetization, acoustic impedance,
electrical resistivity, etc..
Large contrasts produce high amplitudes
Small contrasts produce low amplitudes
Anomaly wavelength is directly proportional
to the distance (or depth) from the source.
Long wavelengths associates with deep
sources while short wavelengths are
produced by shallow sources
Gravity Method
In gravity prospecting, we measure
very small variations in the force of
gravity from rocks within the earth.
Different types of rocks have
different densities, and the dense
rocks have the greater gravitational
attraction.

To the left is a gravimeter
which measures the force of
gravity in the earth.
Figure courtesy of Lacoste-Romberg
Did you know In oil exploration, we measure changes in
gravity that may be only one-millionth or even one-ten millionth
of the earth's total gravity field.
With a small kitchen scale, measure the weight of
different rocks you find in your area. The heavier rocks
have a greater gravitational pull than lightweight rocks.
Pyrite is a heavy rock
Sandstone is a lighter rock
PENDAHULUAN
Gravitasi adalah gaya tarik menarik
yang terjadi antara semua partikel yang
mempunyai massa

Bentuk bumi yang tidak bulat
sempurna dan relief bumi yang
beragam disebabkan oleh distribusi
massa jenis yang tidak merata, posisi
titik di permukaan bumi, dan struktur
geologi yang ada di bawah permukaan

Latar belakang
Metode gravity
merupakan salah
satu metode
geofisika yang
digunakan untuk
mengetahui kondisi
bawah permukaan
bumi dengan cara
mengamati variasi
lateral dari sifat
fisik batuan
(densitas).
I. KONSEP DASAR
UNTUK DAPAT MEMAHAMI PENGARUH PERCEPATAN GAYA BERAT
PADA SUATU BENDA, PERLU DIPAHAMI DASAR DASAR ILMU FISIKA
YANG DAPAT MEMBANTU DALAM MERUMUSKAN DAN MENGANALISIS
PERCEPATAN GAYA BERAT

PARAMETER DALAM GAYA BERAT ADALAH DENSITAS
2. PERCEPATAN GAYA BERAT
DASAR DARI METODE GAYA BERAT ADALAH HUKUM NEWTON
MENGENAI GAYA TARIK MENARIK ANTARA 2 BUAH BENDA YANG
DIRUMUSKAN SEBAGAI BERIKUT

DASAR DASAR PERCEPATAN GAYA BERAT
F = G
m
1
x m
2
r
2
F F
m
1


m
2
r

Kaitan gaya gravitasi dengan geologi
Kekuatan gravitasi di
tentukan oleh kerapat-
an massa-> massa per
unit volume
Kerapatan massa di
gambarkan oleh pusat
massa (point mass)
Semakin tinggi kerapat
an massa, semakin
tinggi pula gaya tarik
massa tersebut.
Perubahan percepatan gaya berat
Manfaat dan kegunaan metode gravity

sensitive terhadap perubahan vertikal, oleh
karena itu metode ini disukai untuk
mempelajari kontak intrusi, batuan dasar,
struktur geologi, endapan sungai purba,
lubang di dalam masa batuan, kondisi
terpendam dan lain-lain.
Anomali gravitasi
Bentuk anomali di tentu-
kan oleh bentuk massa
dan kedalaman sumber
penyebab anomali.
Anomali gravitasi berasal
dari batang silindris
Anomali bersifat simetris
Harga maksimum diatas
pusat silinder sebesar
0.025 mgals
Hubungan gravitasi dengan pusat
massa
Percepatan gravitasi
terbesar berada pada
posisi pusat massa
Bentuk anomali me-
ngikuti bentuk massa
Nilai anomali tergan-
tung pada jarak,
kerapatan massa dan
volume.
Hubungan gravitasi dengan geologi
Anomali gravitasi dinyatakan oleh perubahan
percepatan yang ditimbulkan oleh perbedaan
kerapatan massa.

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DETERMINATION OF BASIN
TYPE AND STRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT OF TIME -
STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK
DETECTION OF
UNCONFORMITIES
ENVIRONMENTAL - FACIES
ANALYSIS
RECONSTRUCTION OF
PALEOGEOGRAPHY
PREDICTION OF
STRATIGRAPHIC TRAP
EXPLORATION TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
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GRAVITY
MAIN FIELD EQUIPMENTS

Gravimeter : 2 unit La Coste and Romberg.
Positioning : 2 set GPS-Receivers
Elevation : 3 set Paulin Altimeter
Communication : 2 unit SSB radios ( 1 unit at
field, 1 unit at head office),
4 unit Handy talky
Data Processing: Laptop PC, printer, softwares,
diskettes, calculator
Camp Facilities
PRIHADI SA / 2002
F ield Data Station
Modem
56.6 kbps
Tel ephone Net
Field Data
in ASCIIFormat
TransceiverProtocol
by ZmodemorKermit
Sof t war e
TransceiverProtocol
by ZmodemorKermit
Sof t war e
Field Data
in Spread Sheet
FormatSoftware
f i l t er
Dat a Medi a s t or age
Hardisk40 Gb.
Data Processing,
I mpl ement at i on,
and Desktop Publishing
Office Data Station
Office Data Station
Field Data Station
Modem
56.6 kbps
Modem
56.6 kbps
Modem
56.6 kbps
PCPIV-1 Gh
PCPIV-1 Gh
DESIGN OF REMOTE DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
DATA PROCESSING

The data obtained from the sites are sent
directly to the base camp and processed.
1. DATA REDUCTION
2. GRAVITY PROFILES
3. GRAVITY MAP
GRAVITY DATA PROCESSINGFLOW CHART
Dasar pengolahan data metode
gravitasi adalah

= Mencari perbedaan harga gravitasi
suatu titik ke titik lain di suatu tempat.
= Dimana massa tersebut hanya
menyumbang sekiatar 0,05% dari harga
gravitasi yang didapat.
= koreksi data.

Pengolahan Data Gravity

Pemrosesan data gayaberat yang sering disebut juga
dengan reduksi data gayaberat, secara umum dapat
dipisahkan menjadi dua macam, yaitu:
proses dasar
proses lanjutan.

Proses dasar
konversi pembacaan gravity meter ke nilai milligal,
koreksi apungan (drift correction),
koreksi pasang surut (tidal correction),
koreksi lintang (latitude correction),
koreksi udara bebas (free-air correction),
koreksi Bouguer
koreksi medan (terrain correction).

1. DATA REDUCTION

The gravity data reduction consists of two
types of correction which are internal and
external correction.
The internal corrections are drift and tidal
corrections.
The external corrections are ellipsoid gravity
value, free air, bouguer, and terrain
corrections.
DATA ACQUISITION PLAN
1. Calibration
Calibration of the gravimeter is carried out
several times : before and after a trip and every
two weeks.

2. Base Station
The gravity base station in every location is
established by tying the base station to the
nearest standard base station to the location.

3. Data Acquisition Methods
DRIFT CORRECTION is
applied to eliminate the effect
of spring fatigue of the La
Coste instrument. This
correction is derived by
double check the starting base
station at appropriate time
interval.
TIDAL CORRECTION is applied to eliminate
gravity of the sun and moon which are time
function due to relative motion among earth,
moon and sun. The tidal correction had been
calculated in advance using computer by
applying the Longmans formula.
CONTOH METODA PENGUKURAN
Day1 Day2
CONTOH METODA PENGUKURAN
ELLIPSOID EARTH GRAVITY
reference has to be applied to produce an earth
gravity value at the mean sea level as a function
of location latitude.
This reference implies an homogenous mass
distribution of the ellipsoid earth model.
The ellipsoid model in the IUGG 1979 formula is :

g

= 978.03185 (1 + 0.005278895 sin

+
0.000023462 sin
4
) , mgal
where
g

= theoretical gravity as function of

= latitude of the observation point.
Koreksi Spheroid dan Geoid
spheroid referensi sebagai
pendekatan untuk muka laut rata-
rata (geoid) dengan mengabaikan
efek benda diatasnya.
- Koreksi Bougeur menganggap
permukaan lempengan di atas
bidang acuan rata, melainkan ada
lembah dan bukit, sehingga tidak
mewakili keadaan sebenarnya.
- - Adanya lembah dan bukit
disekitar titik pengamatan akan
menimbulkan efek-efek yang
mengurangi percepatan gravitasi
di titik amat.
- Koreksi medan yang dilakukan
selalu berharga positif.


h
A
B
M

FREE AIR and BOUGUER EFFECT

r
r+h
FREE-AIR CORRECTION (FAC) is applied to
estimate the earth gravity at certain altitude
of an observation above mean sea level.
The free air correction formula is calculated
for average earth radius at elevation h in
meters.
FAC = - 0.3086 h, mgal
BOUGUER CORRECTION (BC) is applied to estimate
the earth gravity at elevation h above sea level with
earth mass of density (gr./cm3) fill up the space of
thickness h.
This theoretical Bouguer correction can be written as:
BC = 2h Gh = 0.04187 h, mgal
where :
G = 6.67 x 10
-9
Cgs unit
= the chosen density in gr./cm3
H = altitude of observation point in meters.

BOUGUER ANOMALY (BA) is the difference between
the observation gravity value (g
obs
) and the expected
earth normal gravity at an observation point.

BA = g
obs
- (g

- FAC + BC)

where the magnitude in the bracket is the expected earth normal
gravity.
Pengukuran gaya berat sering dilakukan pada
daerah dengan topografi yang cukup
bervariasi.
Koreksi terrain harus dihitung untuk
menghilangkan efek relief permukaan bumi
terhadap nilai anomali Bouguer yang dihitung.
Koreksi ini dihitung sebagai efek gaya berat
yang ditimbulkan oleh suatu badan massa tiga
dimensional yaitu adanya bukit dan lembah di
sekitar stasion pengukuran gaya berat.
TERRAIN CORRECTION
INNER ZONE CORRECTION

To apply this correction, a simple topographic
survey has to be performed at every gravity
station along a radius of 35 and 68 meters
which may be done before or after gravity
reading.
Such survey should include the nature of local
morphology and the distance to the gravity
station which affects the observation.
The correction was directly calculated at the
field by using a certain gravity terrain inner
correction chart.
OUTER ZONE CORRECTION

This correction was done by using the Hammer
Chart, usually based on a topographic map of
1 : 250.000 scale.
Applying the terrain correction, the Bouguer
Anomaly (BA) can be refined to be a Complete
Bouguer Anomaly (CBA) following this formula :

CBA = g
obs
- (g

- FAC + BC - TC)

or

CBA = BA + TC
696 698 700 702 704 706 708 710 712
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
LHD-4,8,9,10
LHD-6
LHD-7
LHD-5 LHD-1
LHD-2
LHD-3
GRAVITASI
ANOMALI
BOUGUER

rapat massa = 2.67
gr/cm
3


U





2 km

696 698 700 702 704 706 708 710 712
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
LHD-1
LHD-2
LHD-3
LHD-4,8,9,10
LHD-5
LHD-6
LHD-7
LHD-5
LHD-7



GRAVITASI
ANOMALI
REGIONAL
POLINOM FIT
ORDE - 2

U




2 km

696 698 700 702 704 706 708 710 712
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
LHD-1 LHD-5
LHD-7
LHD-4,8,9,10
LHD-6
LHD-3
LHD-2

GRAVITASI
ANOMALI SISA

U





2 km


INTERPRETASI METODE
GRAVITASI
Interpretasi kualitatif dilakukan dengan
menfasirkan peta anomaliBougeur.

Interpretasi kuantitatif dilakukan dengan cara
pemodelan .
1.pemodelan maju digunakan untuk melihat
respon gravitasi yang ditimbulkan dari model
geologi yangdibuat. Sedangan
2.pemodelan mundur digunakan untuk
membuatmodel geologi dari pengaruh medan
gravitasi daerah penelitian.
Bouger Gravity Contour
Image
Pre-cretaceous high-density
basement
(derived from Bouguer gravity)
Regional gravity map
132 136 140 144 148
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
A
N
O
M
A
L
I

S
I
S
A

(
M
G
A
L
)
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
E
L
E
V
A
S
I

(
K
M
)
LHD-4 LHD-5
LHD-2 LHD-3
SELATAN UTARA
andesit basaltik terubah (2.5 gr/cc)
tuffa, ignimbrite (2.0 gr/cc)
andesit (2.6 gr/cc)
sedimen (2.2 gr/cc)
andesit (2.67 gr/cc)
intrusi diorit (2.9 gr/cc)
data
perhitungan
GRAVITASI
PROFIL
ANOMALI
SISA
DAN
MODEL
2-DIMENSI
696 700 704 708 712
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
A
N
O
M
A
L
I

S
I
S
A

(
M
G
A
L
)
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
E
L
E
V
A
S
I

(
K
M
)
BARAT TIMUR
LHD-1
LHD-5
LHD-7
data
perhitungan
andesit basaltik terubah (2.5 gr/cc)
tuffa, ignimbrite (2.0 gr/cc)
andesit (2.6 gr/cc)
andesit (2.67 gr/cc)
intrusi diorit (2.9 gr/cc)
GRAVITASI
PROFIL
ANOMALI
SISA
DAN
MODEL
2-DIMENSI


What is a reasonable geologic interpretation for the NE-SW blue anomaly (A-B) on this magnetic
map of northwesternmost Texas? Contour interval = 100 nT, blues are lows and yellows and reds are
highs, and the anomaly is about 70 km (45 miles) long. Click in circle of your choice.
A. A pile of volcanic rocks
B. A reversely polarized dike
C. A narrow horst of basement rock uplifted to shallow depth

Magnetic Method
Magnetic Pole
Batuan yang mengandung mineral
magnetik dapat terinduksi oleh medan
magnet bumi sehingga pengukuran
variasi spasial medan magnet dapat
digunakan untuk memperkirakan
keberadaan mineral tersebut
Magnet bersifat dipol (dwi-kutub)
sehingga interpretasi hasil pengukuran
anomali magnetik relatif lebih sulit jika
dibandingkan dengan anomali gravitasi
yang bersifat monopol.
Batuan yang mengandung mineral magnetik
dapat terinduksi oleh medan magnet bumi
sehingga pengukuran variasi spasial medan
magnet dapat digunakan untuk
memperkirakan keberadaan mineral tersebut.
Magnet bersifat dipol (dwi-kutub) sehingga
interpretasi hasil pengukuran anomali
magnetik relatif lebih sulit jika dibandingkan
dengan anomali gravitasi yang bersifat
monopol.
Reduksi ke kutub dan reduksi ke ekuator
adalah proses simulasi kondisi medan magnet
di kutub atau di ekuator dimana arah medan
magnet bumi masing - masing vertikal
(inklinasi = 90
o
) atau horisontal (inklinasi = 0
o
).
Dengan demikian diperoleh anomali yang
bersifat monopol.
Prinsip reduksi ke kutub dan ke ekuator adalah
perkalian anomali magnetik dengan fungsi
transfer filter pada domain frekuensi.
Magnetic Anomaly and Geology
Magnetic survey measures
variations along the earths
surface.
It records both main and
induced fields.
The magnetic susceptibility of
the rocks exert greater
influence to the induced field
Variations in the strength of
magnetic field allow us to
locate rocks body having high
magnetic susceptibility.
Geophysical Instruments magnetometer,
airborne survey
Comparisons of interpretation
Magnetic versus gravity
Magnetic data allows better estimate of depth than
the gravity data because : large magnetization
contrasts between crystalline basement rocks and
volcanic rocks and the overlying sedimentary rocks.
Density, on the other hand, does not vary so
dramatically.
So magnetic anomalies are generally thought to be
produced by distinct source bodies, while gravity
anomalies may be produced by the cumulative effect
of several density variations.