PHY2049: Chapter 31

Transformers
Purpose: to change alternating (AC) voltage to a bigger
(or smaller) value
t
N V
B
p p
A
Au
=
t
N V
B
s s
A
Au
=
p
p
B
N
V
t
=
A
Au
input AC voltage
in the primary
produces a flux
changing flux
in secondary
induces emf
p
s
p s
N
N
V V =
Principle of Transformer Action
Principle of Transformer Action
Principal of Transformer Action
Principle of electromagnetic induction.
Ideal to inding transformer
inding resistances are negligible
Fluxes confined to magnetic core
Core lose negligible
Core has constant permeability
V
1
I
1
MMF = N
1
I
e

Core flux follos, I
e
very closely.
I
e
& sinusoidal
=
max
sint
1 1 1 max 1 max
1max 1 max
1 1max
1max 1 max
1 1 max 1 max
2 2 2 max 2 max
2max 2 max
2
2
cos sin
2
sin
2
2 4.443
2 2
cos sin
2
2
2 2
RMS
RMS
f
d
e N N t N t
dt
E N
e E t
E N
E fN fN
d
e N N t N t
dt
E N
E
e t
| t
e| e e| e
e|
t
e
e|
t | |
| t
e| e e| e
e|
t
=
| |
= = =
|
\ .
=
| |
=
|
\ .
= = = =
| |
= = =
|
\ .
= = =
2 max 2 max
1 1
max
2 2
4.443
2
fN fN
E N
f
E N
| |
t |
=
= =
Principle of Transformer Action
Transformers
Nothing comes for free, however!
Increase in voltage comes at the cost of current.
Output power cannot exceed input power!
power in = power out
s s p p
V I V I =
s
p
s
p
p
s
N
N
V
V
I
I
= =
Transformers: Sample Problem
A transformer has 330 primary turns and 1240
secondary turns. The input voltage is 120 V
and the output current is 15.0 A. What is the
output voltage and input current?
p
s
p s
N
N
V V = V V 451
330
1240
120 = =
step-up
transformer
s s p p
V I V I =
p
s
s p
V
V
I I = A
V
V
A 4 56
120
451
15 . = =


Ideal Transformer
on an inductive
load
The exciting current leads the flux by
hysteretic angle,
Transformer on LOAD






Equivalent circuit referred to the LT side of a
250/2500 single phase transformer is shown
in fig. The load impedance connected to HT is
380+j230. For a primary voltage of 250V,
compute
the secondary terminal voltage
primary current and power factor
Power output and efficiency

Equivalent circuit referred to the LT side of a 250/2500 single phase transformer is
shown in fig. The load impedance connected to HT is 380+j230. For a primary
voltage of 250V, compute


Z'
L
= (380+j230) (N
1
/ N
2)
2

= (380+j230) (250/2500)
2

= 3.8+j2.3
Total impedance in the primary




Secondary terminal voltage = I
2
Z
L

the secondary terminal voltage
primary current and power factor
Power output and efficiency
A
N
N
Z
V
T
5
10
1 50 I
I
j0.6) - 50(0.8 9 . 36 50
9 . 36 5
0 25
I
9 . 36 5 j3 4 j2.3 3.8 j0.7 0.2
2
1
'
1
2
0
0
0
1 '
1
0
=

= =
= Z =
Z
Z
= =
Z = + = + + +
0
0
0
1
C
2 2
0
0
1
2
0 5 . 0
0 500
0 250
I
2220 444 5 230 380 5
9 . 36 5
0 25
I
Z =
Z
Z
= =
= = + =
Z
Z
= =
C
T
R
V
V
Z
V
Im= V
1
/jXm = 2500/25090 =1-90 =0-j1
I'e = Ic + Im = 0.5+ (0-j1) = 0.5-j1
I'
1
= I'
1
+Ie = 40- j30+0.5- j1= 51-37.4
b) Primary current I
1
= 51A
Primary p.f = cos
1
= cos37.4 = 0.794 lagging
(c) Load p.f
cos
2
= 380/ (380
2
+230
2
)= 0.855
Power Output = V
2
I
2
cos
2
= 2220*5*0.855
= 9500 Watts
Power Output = I'
1
2
R
L
= 50
2
*3.8 = 9500 Watt
Core Loss ,P
C=
v
1
2
/ R
C
= Ic
2
R
C
= 0.5
2
*0.2 =500 Watts
Power Input = V
1
I
1
cos
1
= 250*51*0.794 = 10123.5