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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. HUAWEI Confidential
WCDMA RNP&RNO
Concept
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Main Topics
WCDMA RNP Principles and Procedures
WCDMA RNO Principles and Procedures
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WCDMA RNP Overview
WCDMA Radio Network Dimensioning
WCDMA Nominal Planning
WCDMA Final Design
WCDMA RNP Principles and Procedures
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RNP Definition
According to deployment and evolution requirements, as well as cost-effectiveness
consideration, generate the amount of Network Elements (NE), NE configuration, and
Transmission design between different NE.
Network Planning Scope
OCore networkfocus on CN element dimension and configuration.
ORadio networkfocus on RAN element dimension and configuration
OTransmission network
focus on link dimension and
configuration between network elements.
RNS
RNC
RNS
RNC
Core Network
Node B Node B Node B Node B
Iu Iu
Iur
Iub
Iub
Iub Iub
Definition & Scope
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WCDMA network planning solution
O WCDMA Radio network planning (NodeB/RNC)
O WCDMA Transmission network planning (Iu/Iur/Iub)
O WCDMA Core network planning (CS/PS domain)
O WCDMA RNP tools development
U-Net
Huawei
Network KPI
Pilot pollution
Soft-handover ratio and probability
Access probability of
different services
Best Server Distribution
CE dimension
Estimation result
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Objectives of network planning
The RF Design of wireless system revolves four
main principles. These principles are Coverage,
Capacity, Quality and Cost. And further, adapt to
the future network development and expansion.
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Planning issues
Planning should meet current standards and demands and also comply with future
requirements.
Uncertainty of future traffic growth and service needs.
High bit rate services require knowledge of coverage and capacity enhancements
methods.
Real constraints
Coexistence and co-operation of 2G and 3G for old operators.
Environmental constraints for new operators.
Network planning depends not only on the coverage but also on load.

Objectives of Radio network planning
Capacity:
To support the subscriber traffic with sufficiently low blocking and delay.
Coverage:
To obtain the ability of the network ensure the availability of the service in the entire
service area.
Quality:
Linking the capacity and the coverage and still provide the required QoS.
Costs:
To enable an economical network implementation when the service is established and a
controlled network expansion during the life cycle of the network.

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Realize 11 frequency reuse
The capacity per WCDMA cell is soft for
it is related to environment and neighbor
cell interference.
Supports multiple services with different
speed rate and QoS, and each service
has different coverage range.

Adopts cellular network structure and
frequency planning to guarantee
intra/inter-frequency interference
Users supported can be calculated from
carriers and timeslots if the interference
meets the requirements.
Provides voice service
Difference between WCDMA and GSM
GSM WCDMA
64K 12.2K 144K 384K
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WCDMA RNP procedure overview
Capacity
Quality
Coverage
Interference
Final design
preparation
Dimensioning Nominal Planning
Site survey
Deployment
Detailed planning
& pre-optimization
Preliminary design
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WCDMA RNP Overview
WCDMA Radio Network Dimensioning
WCDMA Preliminary Design
WCDMA Cell Planning
CONTENTS
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Input & Output
Coverage related
O Coverage area
O Coverage probability
Capacity related
O Traffic model
O Service model
O User density
Quality related
O QoS requirements
O GoS requirements
O Demodulation
threshold
System
dimensioning
O Number of sites
System configuration
O Sector structure
O Number of carriers
Cost on network
construction
O Site cost
O Equipment cost
Input
Output
Coverage design
Capacity design
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Input to Huawei RND
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Output from Huawei RND
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C Receiver Sensitivity
C P
DCH_Max

C Minimum Required Signal Strength
C EiRP
C P
UE_Max
Slow Fading Margin
Penetration Loss
TX RX
Duplexer
C C
CC
Antenna
UE
PL_DL
PL_UL
Body Loss
Interference Margin
Fast Fading Margin
Margin for Background
Noise
TX RX
Duplexer
C C
CC
Cable
Antenna
Node B
Interference Margin
Fast Fading Margin
Margin for Background
Noise
Soft Handover
Area
SHO Gain
WCDMA Link Budget
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Network Dimension flow chart

DU ??km^2
U ?? km^2
SU ??km^2
RA ??km^2
HW ??km
Geographical information
DU km
2
U km
2
SU km
2
RA km
2
HW km
2


Adjust
UL loading
Downwards



UL cell range
with specific
UL loading
Service-specific Information
Service Type, Proportion
Service Density
Service Forecast


DL Loading
in specific
circumstances

Cell Range
Y (Capacity-limited)

COST231-HATA,.. .
Applicable Propagation Model
COST231-HATA, ...

If the upper limit
of configuration
be reached
Large than

Less than (Coverage-limited)
Shrink the Cell
Cell Loading vs.
Maximum Allowable Value
N
Add the amount of configuration
(sectorization, carriers,...)
Equal to
SiteConfiguration
Cell Range
Number of Site
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Capacity & Coverage Trade Off
The coverage for a WCDMA system is generally limited by the uplink. This is because the
maximum output power of the mobile is lower than for the base station, so the base station can
reach longer than the mobile can.

Capacity is generally limited by the downlink. This is because better receiver techniques can be
used in the base station than in the mobile. Since most forecasts predict an asymmetric load
where the users download data to a larger extent than sending, the downlink will be most
important from a capacity point of view.

Capacity and coverage is closely related in a WCDMA system. When traffic increases, the level
of interference in the system increases. To compensate for this, the mobile has to increase its
output power in order to defeat the increased noise, or in already at max power, make the
connection closer to the base station.

Due to the increase of traffic, the effective cell area has shrunk. This behavior is known as cell
breathing. In an FDMA or TDMA-system this problem does not arise, since coverage and
capacity is largely independent.

To reduce cell breathing interference margins are included when dimensioning the network,
which has the effect of increasing site density.
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Coverage Limited Uplink
Capacity limited scenario
In this case the system load is higher than the initial value used to compute the cell range.
This means that either the cell capacity must be increased or the cell size decreased. The
first option is to increase the cell capacity by adding additional carriers or PA. If the
system loading remains above the maximum permitted level then the cell range must be
reduced such that there are fewer users loading the cell. A reduction in cell range is made
and the system load re-calculated until the actual system load matches the maximum
permitted system load. This then defines the final cell range
Coverage limited scenario
In this case the system load is lower than the initial value used to compute the cell range.
This means that the rise in interference floor used in the link budget calculation was to
pessimistic. To achieve a match between the actual system load and that value in the link
budget, the complete process is repeated with a lower value of permitted system load.
This will lead to a lower increase in interference floor, a greater cell range and thus more
users in each cell and a higher actual system load.
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Coverage Limited Uplink
Using a propagation model like for example Okumura-Hata, it is possible to convert a change
of the interference level into a changed site density, compared to a reference case.

Table below shows the change in number of sites if the interference margin in the link budget
is changed. A negative dB value means that the link budget is worse compared to the
reference case, and thus more sites are needed.

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Relation of Uplink and Downlink Load
Downlink load is always higher
than uplink load due to:
O asymmetry in user traffic
O different Eb/No values in
uplink and downlink
O orthogonality in downlink
O overhead due to soft-
handover
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50
UL Load [%]
D
L

L
o
a
d

[
%
]
Increasing
asymmetry
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WCDMA RNP Overview
WCDMA Radio Network Dimensioning
WCDMA Nominal Planning
WCDMA Final Design
CONTENTS
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Nominal Planning
O Based on the result of network dimension, preliminary design
present Information of theoretical sites including following :
Site coordinates.
Engineering parameters such as Antenna height, azimuths and tilts.
Radio parameters such as scrambling code ,transmit power of different
channels , etc.
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Preliminary design flow chart
Radio
Network
Dimensioning
Dimensioning
Report
Contract
Initial sites
choosing
System
simulation
Target
Size
Phase No.
Available sites
information
Site adjustment?
Y
N
Bidding
Document
Sites importing
Propagation
model
Nominal planning report
(Including: search ring and
Theoretical site specification)
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About simulation
O Unlike GSM network, in CDMA coverage and capacity are too inter-related to
be predicted accurately, so we introduced Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate
the performance of a radio network.
EcEc/Iopilot pollution distribution
Soft (softer) handover area analysis
UE transmit power
Eb/No, access successful rate of each service

O Monte Carlo is a static simulation
During Monte Carlo simulation, the performance of the network is analyzed over various
instances in time (snapshot), where UEs are in statistically determined places with the
given traffic model. The ability of each terminal to make its connection to the network is
calculated through an iterative process.
WCDMA simulation
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Setup
network
Design
Run Pilot
Field
Strength
Prediction
Pilot
Level
OK?
Traffic
Forecast
Avail?
Run UMTS
Traffic
simulation
Setup fixed
Load values
Make predictions
(Services)
Performance
Requirements
Fulfilled?
Neighbors planning&
Scrambling code
allocation
RNP Input &
Equipment
configuration
Neighborhood
planning criteria
Scrambling code
allocation criteria
Output
parameters
YES
NO
YES
NO
YES
NO
Traffic model
Simulation flow-chart
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Simulation output
Simulation output
O Pilot coverage (Ec, Ec/Io) in the target
areas
O Best server plot
O Coverage probability distribution of each
service
O Access failure distribution and statistic of
each service
O Continuous coverage areas of each
service
O Cell load distribution of downlink and
uplink
O Pilot pollution distribution
O Soft handover areas statistic of each
service

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Preliminary design output
Project background introduction
Target areas information such as population, district division etc.
Radio network solution: sites distribution plot, sites list etc.
Performance summary based on the simulation result.
Annex: simulation output
In preliminary design stage, we choose initial sites, do network performance
simulation, conduct adjustment according to the simulation result, until
finally we get all performance requirements fulfilled, then we can output the
<<XX project WCDMA Radio Network preliminary design Report>> with
following contents:
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WCDMA RNP Overview
WCDMA Radio Network Dimensioning
WCDMA Nominal Planning
WCDMA Final Design
CONTENTS
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Final Design flow-chart
Site list
Radio network
preliminary plan
report
New site or not

2G site or not
Output Search
Rings
Identify theoretical
site
Confirm site
conditions
or not
Site survey report
Meet site
requirements
or not
Yes
Site survey
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Noise test
Noise test report
Based on the preliminary design report,
we conduct more detailed cell planning.
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For each theoretical site, a physical site will be acquired in this phase through
following steps:

Define search areas
Site ranking
Identify candidate sites
Site acquisition
Site Survey
O A suitable physical site
Give adequate radio coverage.
Have connectivity into the transmission network.
Be aesthetically and politically acceptable to the local community.
Have power nearby, good access and a co-operative owner.

A3rd
D1st
C2nd
B - Unsuitable
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Site Survey report
O The surveyor will prepare a report listing the options, and
following items will included in the report:
Accurate grid reference.
Accurate height of structures or available antenna windows.
Photographs of the site.
360 panoramic photos from site or if obstructed from nearby
location/structure.

From site survey report, RNP engineers can derive
appropriate site location, antenna type,
height, azimuth, down tilt, etc.

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Verification by system simulation
It is an iterative process to
verify the final design until
all the requirements are
fulfilled

Coverage prediction
RNP
Planning
results
Are
Requirement
s Fulfilled?
Traffic distribution System simulation
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WCDMA RNP output

LAC, RAC, SAC Plan
Neighbor relation plan (intra-frequency, inter-
frequency, and inter-system)
Frequency plan
Scrambling code plan
Power allocation for each channel
Handover parameters
Access control parameters
Other radio parameters

After performance verification by simulation, we produce <<XX project
RNP report>> with more detailed contents. In order to guide the project
implementation, the report should also include following items
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Main Topics
WCDMA RNP Principles and Procedures
WCDMA RNO Principles and Procedures
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WCDMA RNO Principles and Procedures
Brief Introduction
Single Site Verification
Radio Frequency Optimization
Parameters Optimization
Regular Testing & KPI Analysis
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To enhance network performance
--- e.g. coverage/accessibility/mobility
To resolve specific issues
--- e.g. interference/coverage
To improve subscribers QoE
--- e.g. service quality/drop calls
To enhance network stability
--- e.g. traffic increase/upgrade
Network Optimization Target
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WCDMA Optimization Overview
Pre-Launch Optimization ( L1-Optimisation)
- Initial step to fine tune and optimise WCDMA network based on L1 (Physical layer) when
network have low load. (or unload)
- Optimisation is mainly based on drive test measurement and aim to verify and improve
on coverage design ( CPICH EcNo, CPICH RSCP), SC planning, neighbour planning
and parameter settings related to call setup ,call drop and mobility performance
- To ensure on the readiness of network before launch, optimiser also need to verify on
hardware stability ,system capacity (enough to handle the forecast load) and QOS of all
services.
Post-Launch Optimization
- Further step to optimise network when there is an actual load ( RT and NRT).
- Optimisation is based on both traffic statistic and drive test measurement. There will be
more parameters tuning e.g. load control, admission control , package scheduler and
also mobility management.


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Construction phase
Troubleshooting
Booming phase
Potential Seeking
Mature phase
Balancing
Time
S
u
b
s
.

N
u
m
b
e
r

RF plan review
Single site verification
Pre-launch optimization
KPI analysis Complaints DT & CQT
Customized and
differentiated
services
Billing strategies
Drop call
Congestion
Poor quality
Access failure

RF adjustment
Para. adjustment
Maintenance and upgrade
Network expansion
.
Investment
Return
Commercial
launch
Optimization throughout Life Cycle
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Network Optimization Phases
RF optimization
Y
N
N
Y
Single site verification
80 sites in the
cluster ready?
Service test and
parameter optimization
Routine drive test and
stats. analysis
Acceptance criteria
satisfied?
New site integrated
Optimization
preparation
Acceptance
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Network Optimization Phases
Single site verification
To verify the functionality of new sites
--- e.g. site installation, basic functions of the cell
RF optimization
To control interference & pilot pollution
To optimize coverage & 3G neighbor lists
Services test & para. optimization
To evaluate network performance
To optimize network parameters
Regular route testing & stats. analysis
To monitor & evaluate network performance
To identify & solve new network issues
--- e.g. issues caused by traffic increase
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Brief Introduction
Single Site Verification
Radio Frequency Optimization
Parameters Optimization
Regular Testing & KPI Analysis
WCDMA RNO Principles and Procedures
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Site Verification Target
To verify cell coverage
CPICH RSCP

To investigate interference
NodeB RTWP & CPICH Ec/Io

To verify site installation
e.g. PA/antenna/feeders issues

To check service function
CS call & PS attach/detach
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Site Verification Items
Cell basic information confirm
Item: frequency, SC, LAC/RAC
Tool: engineering UE
Purpose: basic parameters check
Cell coverage verification
Item: CPICH RSCP
Tool: engineering UE or scanner
Purpose: identify equipment issues
--- e.g. PA, antenna, feeder connection, etc
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Site Verification Items
Cell interference investigation
O Item: NodeB RTWP, CPICH Ec/Io
O Tool: NodeB LMT, engineering UE or scanner
O Purpose: UL/DL interference investigation
Service function verification
O Item: voice (MO/MT), VP (MO/MT)
PS attach/detach, PDP activation
O Tool: engineering UE
O Purpose: CS/PS service function check
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An example Check list
Example: Site Verification Checklist

Single Site Verification Checklist
Site expanded from:
Site migrated from RNC:
New site Expansion
Site Connected to RNC:
Idle mode
Note: If the item is OK, mark the "" before it by "" otherwise, mark the"" by "". If the item is not check, mark the "" before it by "/".
HSDPA 10 Normal function to access HSDPA

Migration Others



New Site:
Site Expansion:
Reminder
Mapinfo Update
Data Base Update
To:
To RNC:

Site Name:
Remarks

CPICH_RSCP > 75 dBm near site

Coverage DT 9 Check by DT whether the overall quality of service and coverage areas have reached the planned target

Connected mode

Mobile originated and terminated calls of VP service


8 Connection of PS services

Mobile originated and terminated calls of voice services
7

CPICH_EcIo > 8 dB near site





Site ID:

No. Activity/Process
Site Migration
Others


3 LAC/RAC data configuration
1
4
2 Scramble configuration
Frequency configuration
5
Remarks (further explanation):
2-Name/Designation: Signature: Date:
Reviewed by:
1-Name/Designation: Signature: Date:
X
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Brief Introduction
Single Site Verification
Radio Frequency Optimization
Parameters Optimization
Regular Testing & KPI Analysis
WCDMA RNO Principles and Procedures

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RF Optimization Target
To optimize coverage

To minimize pilot pollution

To optimize cell dominance

To optimize neighbor cell list

To resolve RF-related drop calls
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RF Optimization Procedure
Drive test
Identify RF issues
Identify candidate
cells for changes
Identify nature of
required changes
Determine amount
of changes
Implement changes
Repeat drive test
Finished
N
Problem resolved?
Y
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P-CPICH as Measurement Reference
Received Signal Code Power (in dBm) CPICH RSCP
received energy per chip divided by the power density in the band (in dB)
CPICH Ec/No
received wide band power, including thermal noise and noise
generated in the receiver
UTRA carrier
RSSI
CPICH Ec/No =
CPICH RSCP
UTRA carrier RSSI
CPICH Ec/No
0: -24
1: -23.5
2: -23
3: -22.5
...
47: -0.5
48: 0

Ec/No values in dB
CPICH RSCP
0: -115
1: -114
2: -113
:
88: -27
89: -26


RSCP values in dBm
UTRA carrier RSSI
0: -110
1: -109
2: -108
:
71: -39
72: -38
73: -37

RSSI values in dBm
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Optimization-Overview Block A
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Optimization-Overview
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Optimization-Overview Block A
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CPICH Coverage Optimization
Ways to optimize:
(1)Adjust ant. azimuth or tilt;
(2)Increase ant. height;
(3)Replace high-gain antenna;
(4)Add new cells;
Ways to optimize:
(1)Adjust ant. azimuth or tilt;
(2)Decrease ant. height;
(3)Adjust CPICH power
Ways to optimize:
(1)UL or DL coverage limited?
(2)Optimize UL or DL
interference
Poor coverage cells

Over shooting cells

UL & DL coverage imbalance
CPICH coverage analysis:
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Poor Coverage: Example
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Optimization-Overview Block B
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Optimization-Overview Block C
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Cell Dominance Optimization
Cells with no dominance at all
To indicate the site not radiating
or to indicate antennas blocking
Cells with excessive or poor dominance
Due to non-optimum antenna tilts
or due to a high site
Areas of non-dominance
Due to no a single clear dominant cell
Cell dominance analysis:
Site visit
needed
(1) Frequent soft HO
(2) Interference to adjacent cells
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Poor Cell Dominance: Example
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Pilot Pollution Minimization
-62
-64
-66
-68
-69
-81
-90
-85
-80
-75
-70
-65
-60
SC1 SC2 SC3 SC4 SC5 SC6
R
S
C
P

(
d
B
m
)
Active Set Pilot Pollution
Margin
Not
Pilot Pollution
Ways to optimize:
(1) Antenna adjustment
(e.g. azimuth or down tilt)
(2) Pilot power
optimization
SHO candidates (A)
Active set size (B)
If A>B, pilot pollution exists
Pilot pollution definition:
Pilot pollution will result in:
(1) low signal quality
(2) decreased system capacity
(3) Call drops easier
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Pilot Pollution: Example
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Summary Of Solutions
Down-tilting of interfering cells antenna, which
generate pilot pollution

Change CPICH Tx Power: Increase serving
cells Tx power but decrease interfering cells Tx
power

Change antenna bearing angles of cells
involved in pilot pollution

Decrease antenna height of interfering cells and
increase antenna height of victim cell with
adequate tilting angle

Change antenna patterns of cells involved in
pilot pollution. Smaller gains for interfering cells
and higher gain for victim cell
Up-tilting of serving cells antenna to extend
coverage radius and to improve unsatisfied
coverage area

Increase CPICH Tx Power of serving cell

Change Antenna Bearing Angle: Focus the
main beam of antenna to coverage holes and
low RSCP area

Increase serving cells antenna height to get
higher effective antenna gain but there is risk to
make undesirable inter-cell interference to
adjacent cells

Change Antenna Pattern: Displace with higher
gain antenna with adequate antenna tilting.
Tuning methods for
Coverage Problem Area
Tuning methods for
Dominance Problem Area
High Priority
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RF Parameters Optimization
Engineering parameters adjustment
O To adjust antenna down tilt
O To adjust antenna azimuth
O To adjust antenna location
O To adjust antenna height
O To replace antenna
O To replace site
O To add new cell
Radio part parameters adjustment
O To optimize neighbor cell list
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Neighbor Cell List Optimization
Data collection: drive test
Data comparison: scanner, UE
Verify from Mapinfo or Nastar
How to optimize?
How to optimize neighbor cell List?
(1)Compare coverage difference b/w
Scanner and UE
(2) Add missing neighbor cells
(3) Remove useless neighbor cells
Neighbor list classification:
Intra-freq. neighbor cell list
Inter-freq. neighbor cell list
Inter-RAT neighbor cell list
Neighbor cell list influences:
(1) Service Handover (drop call)
(2) Cell Reselection
Drive test (service test):
Drop calls during moving
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RF-related Drop Calls
Poor coverage

High interference

Poor UL coverage

Poor dominance

Pilot pollution

Missing neighbors
Problems
Fast change of RF conditions usually
causes drop calls, e.g. turning a corner.
Poor RSCP & Ec/Io

Poor Ec/Io or RTWP

UE max Tx power

many SHO events

many cells present
Appearance
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Brief Introduction
Single Site Verification
Radio Frequency Optimization
Parameters Optimization
Regular Testing & KPI Analysis
WCDMA RNO Principles and Procedures
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Para. Optimization Target
To reduce access failures

To reduce drop calls

To enhance service quality
Para. optimization
is an important step
after RF optimization
Service quality and network resources
utilization will be improved after para.
optimization
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Parameters to be Optimized
CCCH power allocation para.
RL maximum power para.
Cell re-selection para.
Intra-freq. handover para.
Inter-RAT handover para.
Power control para.
Access power para.
Other related para.
The influence caused by the cell
parameters adjustment should
be analyzed carefully.
Seldom adjusted
An effective way to
reduce drop calls
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Brief Introduction
Single Site Verification
Radio Frequency Optimization
Parameters Optimization
Regular Testing & KPI Analysis
WCDMA RNO Principles and Procedures
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Regular Drive Testing Target
To get benchmark of the performance of
the network and users experience
To monitor the progress of on-going
optimisation activities
To validate new features of the RAN
To identify degradation in coverage
and/or increase in interference
call setup SR,
call drop rate,
PS throughputs
As a result of increased
traffic or changes in
environment
Routine drive tests should be
carried out (e.g. on monthly)
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Routine Stats. Analysis Target
To benchmark network performance
To monitor traffic volumes & patterns
To assess impact of parameter changes
To identify poorly performing cells
To provide triggers for network upgrade
decisions
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69
Key Performance Indicators, KPI
KPIs are a set of selected indicators which are used for measuring the current network
performance and trends.
KPIs highlight the key factors of network monitoring and warn in time of potential
problems. KPIs are also used to prioritise the corrective actions.
KPIs can be defined for circuit switched and packet switched traffic separately and be
measured by field measurement systems and M2000
An example set of KPIs
O RRC Setup Complete Ratio
O RAB Setup Complete Ratio
O RAB Active Complete Ratio
O Call Setup Success Ratio
O Call Drop Rate
O Softer/Soft Handover Fail Ratio

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KPI Analysis: RRC Connection setup SR
Main reasons for failed RRC connection setups:
(1) poor coverage; (2) low FACH power
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KPI Analysis: CS RAB setup SR
Possible reasons for RAB Setup failures:
(1) poor coverage; (2) no enough resource
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KPI Analysis: CS Drop Calls
Typical reasons for drop calls:
(1) poor coverage (e.g. SRB/TRB reset);
(2) Strong UL/DL interference
(3) Insufficient handover area
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KPI Analysis: Inter-RAT HO SR
Data discrepancies between 3G network and 2G
network have direct impact on inter-RAT HO SR.
e.g. BSIC wrong
configured
in 3G network
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MSC/SSP/VLR
HLR/AC
GMSC/SSP
PSTN
PLMN
ISDN
iManager
TM
M2000
GENEX
Nastar
GENEX
Assistant
GENEX
Probe
CN
Node B
Node B
Node B
RNC
RNC
Node B
Node B
Node B
RNS
RNS
+ GENEX Probe
+ AGILENT
+ QUALCOMM
+ HUAWEI RNC
Professional Optimization Tools
Performance/alarms
/configurations/
engineering para.
Capture test data
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s

R
e
s
u
l
t

s
h
a
r
i
n
g

RAN auto
configuration
console
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Summary
UMTS Network
Optimization
To provide a more competitive
network for Operator
To provide better quality of
experience for Subscribers
Trade-off between optimized
coverage, capacity, quality
Ongoing optimization across
network life cycle
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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