PRESENTATION

TIMBER AND BRICK

TIMBER
Introduction
Timber is one of the earliest materials used in civil
engineering . Strength and attractive construction design
can be produced is timber.
Timber can used to make furniture, permanent
temporary structure such as struts and formwork for
concrete structures, for temporary structure, timber is
dismantled when constructed structure, only quality
timber is used. Timber is also used finishing material. A
designer should understand the nature timber ,its
strength and weaknesses.



MAIN PROPERTIES AND FACTORS
AFFECTING TIMBER
I. STRENGHT -Density
-Grain structure of timber
-Defects
-Modulus of elasticity

Density
Is mass divided by volume
Higher density stronger the timber
Means thicker wall cell
The great timber is depend on the thicker of
the wall cell.
Grain structure of timber
Has grain gradient l:n where l is the transverse
distance with respect to the timber edge and
n is the longitudinal distance parallel to the
timber edge.(refer image timber grain
gradient l:n)
Flexural strength increases if the grain
gradient of timber decreases.
Timber will have higher permissible flexural
and shear stresses.

Defect
Defects of timber due to natural causes such
as abnormal growth rate, strong wind effect
and lightning strikes.
Can happens during cutting, curing, sawing,
and drying processes.
Attacks from parasite, insect and mould
All listed above can reduce strength of timber
Example of defects
Ring crack
Radial crack
Edge timber knot
Sharp timber knot
Seam timber knot
Twisting
Cupping
Live timber knot
Dead timber knot
Bowing
Modulus of elasticity
Stress divided by strain in timber.
Stress(N) is Force divided by Area P/A
Strain is Elongation divided by original length
Strong timber will experience small strain.
Modulus of elasticity is directly proportional
to strength of timber.
II) Durability
Durability of timber mostly depends on its
moisture content.
Moisture content
High quality will cause growth of mould
Attracts destructive insects
Using curing or drying to decrease moisture
content
Seasoning must be carried out with care to
prevent defect in timber.
Affects durability of timber
Moisture content =weight of water contained
in timber / weight of dried timber x 100%
Moisture content is the quantity in timber

Log which has been cut or sawn may suffer
natural defects or defects due to seasoning
a) Natural defects sometimes make timber
natural beautiful
b) Defects due to seasoning defects is crack,
split, twist, warp and sag. These defects
appearance of timber

III) Texture Finishing

Classification and use of timber
Divide to two group- Hardwood
-Medium hardwood
- Softwood
*Hardwood(more than 800 kg/m3)- Merah, Cengal,
*Medium hardwood(720-800kg/m3)-mengkuang
*Light hardwood(400-720 kg/m3)-bintangor,durian
*Softwood(less than 400 kg/m3)- Damar
laut,Jelutung, Pulai

ADVANTAGES

*Easy to work such as cut ,planned and nailed
*Beautiful appearance ,textual especially after
applying varnish.
*Good insulator of heat and electricity
*Easily obtained
*High durability when preserved
*Can be used almost all part of housing from
foundation to roof
DISADVANTAGES
Easy to catch fire
Possibility to shrinkage and expansion due to
the weather
Easily attacked by inset, parasites and fungal

BRICK
Has been long used in construction building
Made by non-organic materials
Processed by using pressing ,hand made, or
wire cut
Using wire cut is faster than using other
method.
Types of brick
1. Clay brick
Facing brick
Engineering brick
2.Fire brick
Sand lime/calcium silicate brick
Cement brick

ADVANTAGES
Easy to use for wall construction
Easy to carry and handle
Facing brick can be used as finishing without
plastering
Suitable to be used for column construction in
long span wall and arches
Withstand acid and alkali attacks
DISADVANTAGES
Masonry work required skilled worker for
example in construction of long span and high
wall
Has low tensile strength