03 Ce225 Lecture Overview of Structural Dynamics

Structural Dynamics
A subject of study for the analysis and

design of structures subjected to
excitations (forces or motions) which are
time-dependent.
Prerequisites:
Static theory of structures
Matrix methods
Computer coding techniques
Structural Dynamics
Emphasis
Hand-solution procedure
Computer solution
Bridge Vibration Due to Traffic
Earthquake
Loading of
a free
standing
water tank
Mode 1Vibration

Structural Project
Structure
Geometry
Loads
Material
Properties
Structural
Analysis
Structural
Design
Construction
Loads
Static Loading
Dynamic Loading
Static Analysis
Static Analysis is

determining forces
determining displacements

at any location
on a structure subjected to static loads.
Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Analysis is

determining forces
determining displacements

at any location
on a structure subjected to dynamic loads.
OVERVIEW OF STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS
Structural Dynamics subject of study for the
analysis and design of structures subjected
to excitations (force or motions) which are
time-dependent.

Dynamic connotes time-varying.

Dynamic load means any load in which its
magnitude, direction, and/or position varies
with time.
Basic Difference Between Static Loading and
Dynamic Loading
Dynamic Loading

Deflection and internal forces can
be obtained using principles of
force equilibrium

Dynamic Loading

Deflection depends upon p(t) and
internal forces
Internal forces must equilibrate
not only p(t) but also inertial
forces.

Thus: structural response (resulting stresses
and deflections) is also time-varying or
dynamic.
Complications in dynamic behavior:
-inertia forces give structural displacements
and structural displacements give inertia
forces.

there is a closed cycle of cause and
effect; can be dealt with directly only by
formulating the problem in terms of
differential equations.
Complications:
-mass of the beam is distributed
continuously along its length, the
displacements and accelerations must be
defined for each point along the axis if
inertia forces are to be completely defined
- in this case, analysis must be formulated in
terms of partial differential equations
because the position along the span and
the time must be taken as independent
variables.
Simplifications:
- If mass of the beam were concentrated in
a series of discrete points or lumps, the
analysis problem would be greatly
simplified because inertial forces could be
developed only at these mass points. It is
necessary to define the displacements and
accelerations only at these discrete points.
Objective of Structural Dynamic Analysis:

- to present methods for analyzing the
stresses and deflections of structures when
subjected to dynamic loading.
In analysis of linear structure, static loadings
are distinguished; response of each type is
evaluated separately; response
components are superposed to obtain the
total effect.

TOTAL = STATIC + DYNAMIC
Static loading condition may be looked upon
merely as a special form of dynamic
loading
Two approaches for evaluating structural
response to dynamic loads:

a) Deterministic approach
b) Nondeterministic approach
Deterministic Analysis
the time variation of loading is fully
known, even though it is fully oscillatory
or irregular in character (prescribed
dynamic loading)

Example: periodic loading
nonperiodic loading

periodic loading


nonperiodic loading

Nondeterministic Analysis
the time variation of loading is not
completely known but can be defined in
a statistical sense (random dynamic
loading)

example: wind or earthquake loading
In general, structural response to any
dynamic loading is expressed basically in
terms of displacements of the structure.

Stresses, strains, internal forces, etc. are
usually obtained as a secondary result.
Essential characteristics of a dynamic
problem:
1. time-varying nature
2. Inertial forces resist the accelerations of
the structure
Structural
displacements
Inertia
forces
Degree of Freedom (DOF)
is the number of displacement
components which must be considered in
order to represent the effects of all
significant inertia forces on the structure.
- the number of independent coordinates
necessary to describe the motion of the
system.
Modeling
- The art or process of writing down an equation or system
of equations to describe the motion of a physical device
Model
- The tool that facilitates the mathematical formulation of
the geometry and behavior characteristics of the structure
Model and Analysis Tools
- Intended to quantify structural response (displacements,
forces, deformations, etc.)
Discretization
- The formulation of a mathematical model to describe the
geometric domain of a prototype structure.
MODELING
Real Structure
Idealization Further
Idealization
k
m
massless
Lumped-mass idealization
If 3 mass points could move only in the
vertical direction (u
1
, u
2
, u
3
:

DOF = 3)
If, in addition, finite rotational inertia are
considered in each mass point (u
1
, u
2
, u
3
,
1
,
2
,
3
: DOF = 6)
If, in addition, axial distortion is significant in
each mass point (DOF = 9)
If structure could deform in three-
dimensional space, each mass would have
6 DOF (DOF = 18)
If mass in continuously distributed, the
number of DOF is infinite.
- Simple means of limiting the degrees of
freedom

- most effective in structures in which a large
proportion of the total mass is actually
concentrated in a few discrete points.
Full 3D Frame Model
1
35
29
70
105
420
DOF = 420 x 6
= 2,520
8
15
22
12 floors x 6 bays x 4 bays
=
A
x
B
2,520
2,520
No. of Coefficients = 2,520 x 2,520
= 6,354,000
No. of Bytes = 8 x 6.35 MBytes
= 50 MBytes
RIGID FLOOR DIAPHRAGM (RFD)
ASSUMPTION
DOF = 12 x 3
= 36
12 floors x 3 DOFs / Floor
=
A
x
B
36
36
No. of Bytes (RFD) = 36 x 36 x8
= 10,368 Bytes
No. of Bytes (full 3D) = 50,000,000 Bytes
= 5,000 times more
1
2
3
Idealized inelastic column response models
Various levels of discretization are possible within the
mathematical model development ranging from lumped parameter
model to structural component models to detailed finite element
models.
OVERVIEW OF
STRUCTURAL
DYNAMICS

03 Ce225 Lecture Overview of Structural Dynamics

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Structural Dynamics

A subject of study for the analysis and

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