Power System Engineering

Dr. Ganesh B. Kumbhar gkumbfee@iitr.ernet.in

Phone: 01332-28-4752
Introduction
Power System provides vital service to the society and mankind.
Electrical power is somewhat like air we breathe: We think of it only when
it is missing.
Modern society cannot exists without electricity.
Therefore, it should be operated with the following objectives
minimize operating cost
maintain balance between generated power and load including
interchange transactions
maintain nominal frequency
maintain operating conditions within equipment rating
maintain voltage within permissible limits
maintain power reserves in order to minimize the risk of loss of load in
the event of random generator outages
meet pollution constraints
Historical Background
1870's and 1880s; DC power systems were popular. Small systems were sold to factories
around the world, both in urban areas, and remote undeveloped areas for industrial/mining use.
1882: Power station at Pearl Station New York by Edison supplying power to 59 consumers,
110 V DC, Cable 1.5 km, lamp load.
1884: Motors were developed
1886: Limitations of AC become apparent, higher losses and voltage drops.
1889: AC transmission line 4kV, single phase, in north America between Willamette falls to
Portland by Westinghouse.
1893: First three phase line in Southern California, 12 km, 2.3 kV,
1995: Niagara falls AC power plants (>40 km, 2.3 kV), phenomenal growth in
electric companies,
1922-1990: 165 kV -> 1100 kV
1920: Europe standardized 60 Hz and suspended insulators for HV.
1954: HVDC transmission system by Swedish Power Board.
1972: Back-to-back connected HVDC station providing asynchronous tie between power
systems Quebec and New Brunswick.
Voltage Levels Vs. Year
Year Voltage Level
1922 165
1923 220
1935 287
1953 330
1965 500 kV
1966 765 kV
1990 1100 kV
Introduction
We are witnessing enormous development in terms of voltage rating, power
ratings, components, architecture, planning, etc.
Modern power system are vast electrical networks inter-connecting hundreds
of rudimentary systems spread over a country giving rise to national grid.
Advantages of interconnections:
Reduced reserve capacity
Reduced capital cost
Effective and economic use of available generation
Improved reliability and operational efficiency
Disadvantages
Fault propagation
Higher circuit breaker ratings
Proper management of dispatch of power
Introduction
Power system is the branch of electrical engineering where we
study in depth for its design, operation, maintenance and analysis.
Power System Engineering is one of the important and core
subject of electrical engineering.
The ease of transmission of electrical energy gives rise to a
possibility to a generating electrical energy in bulk at the
centralized place and transmit it over large distance to be used by a
large number of users.
Component needed for generation, transmission and distribution of
electrical energy form a huge complex system termed as Electric
Power System.
The development of power system has contributed to the
phenomenal advances of human kind over past century.

Syllabus
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Introduction
Power System provides vital service to the society.
Electrical power is somewhat like air we breathe: We
think of it only when it is missing.
Modern society cannot exists without electricity.
Therefore, it should be operated with the goal of achieving
Highest reliability standards
Lowest operational cost
Minimum environmental impact


Historical Background
1882: Power station at Pearl Station New York by Edison
supplying power to 59 consumers.
1889: AC transmission line 4kV, single phase, in north America
between Willamette falls to Portland by Westinghouse.
1893: First three phase line in Southern California.
1954: HVDC transmission system by Swedish Power Board.
Modern power system are vast electrical networks inter-
connecting hundreds of rudimentary systems spread over a
country giving rise to national grid.
We are witnessing enormous development in terms of voltage
rating, power ratings, components, architecture, planning, etc.
Basic Structure of the Power System
In India, power system mostly owned by states called as
State Electricity Boards (SEBs).
There are five Regional Electricity Boards (REBs):
EREB, WREB, NREB, SREB, NEREB.
Then, there are Central Govt. Organizations: NTPC,
NHPC, NPC, etc.
Also, PGCIL responsible for bulk power transfer through
extra high voltage transmission.
The modern power system can be classified as generation,
transmission and distribution.
Structure of Power System
Power Generation
Power generation takes place in power plants which may
be geographically dispersed.
Power plant may house more than one generating unit.
Sources of Energy:
Hydrocarbons (Oil, coal, natural gas, etc.)
Water
Nuclear
Chemical
Solar
Wind
Tidal

Installed Generating Capacity (in MW) in
India
24% 64% 3% 8%
Transmission Network
Connect generating plants to the consumption points: use
remote energy sources.
Interconnect power pools: Reduce generation reserve and
cost, increase reliability.
High Voltage AC transmission
HVDC transmission
High Voltage Transmission
Lower transmission losses/MW transfer.
Lower line voltage drop/ km.
Higher transmission capacity / km
Reduce right of way requirement /MW transfer
Lower operating cost / MW transfer
Power Transmission Equipments
Step-up and Step-down
Power Transformers.
Voltage regulator
Phase shifter
Transmission lines and
cables
Circuit breakers and
isolators
Shunt and series reactors
and capacitors
Lightning arresters
Protective relays
Fact devices (SVC,
Statcom, TCSC, etc.)
Converter and Inverter
Standard Transmission Voltages in India
AC Transmission
765 kV
400 kV
220 kV
132 kV
HVDC Transmission
400 kV
500 kV