SUBSTATION

SUBSTATION
HIGH VOLTAGE COMPONENTS
HIGH VOLTAGE COMPONENTS
POWER PLANT
SWITCHING STATION
(SWITCHYARD)
SUBSTATION

SUBSTATION - A station in the power transmission

system at whih e!etri power is trans"orme# to a
on$enient!y %se# "orm& The station may onsist o"
trans"ormers' swithes' ir%it (rea)ers an# other
a%*i!!iary e+%ipment& Its main "%ntion is to reei$e
ener,y transmitte# at hi,h $o!ta,e "rom the
,eneratin, station' (y either step-%p or step-#own
the $o!ta,e to a $a!%e appropriate "or !oa! %se an#
pro$i#e "ai!ities "or swithin,& S%(stations ha$e
some a##itiona! "%ntions& Its pro$i#e points where
sa"ety #e$ies may (e insta!!e# to #isonnet ir%its
or e+%ipment in the e$ent o" tro%(!e&
Some substation, such as power plant switchyard are
simply switching stations where diferent connections
can be made between various transmission lines.
Typia! Components o" a Power
P!ant S%(station -Swithyar#.
A - Busbar
B - Disconnector
C - Circuit Breaker
D - Current Transformer
E - Voltage Transformer
F - Earthing Switch
G - Surge Arrestor
CONNECT
CONNECT & DIS-CONNECT
CONNECT, DIS-CONNECT & DETECT
DETECT & TRANSFORM
DETECT & TRANSFORM
PROTECT & SAFETY
PROTECT
A& BUSBA/

BUSBAR (or bus, for short) 0 is a term we %se "or a

main (ar or on#%tor arryin, an e!etri %rrent to
whih many onnetion may (e ma#e&
B%ses are mere!y on$enient means o" onnetin,
swithes an# other e+%ipment into $ario%s
arran,ements& The %s%a! arran,ement o"
onnetions in most s%(stations permit wor)in, on
a!most any piee o" e+%ipment witho%t interr%ption
to inomin, or o%t,oin, "ee#ers& In the swithyar# or
s%(station' (%ses are open to the air& A!%min%m or
opper on#%tors s%pporte# on pore!ain ins%!ators'
arry the e!etri ener,y "rom point to point&
Busbars
(long heavy
tube type)
B& 1ISCONNECTS

DISCONNECT 0 is an easi!y remo$e# piee o" the

at%a! on#%tor o" a ir%it& The p%rpose o"
#isonnets is to iso!ate e+%ipment& 1isonnets
are not %se# to interr%pt ir%its2 they are no-!oa#
#e$ies& A typia! %se o" #isonnets is to iso!ate
a ir%it (rea)er (y insta!!in, one #isonnet on
either si#e o" the ir%it (rea)er -in series with
the (rea)er.& Operation o" #isonnets is one o"
the most important an# responsi(!e 3o(s o" a
power p!ant operator& One error in iso!ation o"
e+%ipment' or the ai#enta! ,ro%n#in, o" !ine
e+%ipment' an (e a "ata! mista)e&
A
B
Disconnect Switc
( moving contact rod (A) &
contacts with flexible
fingers (B) )
C& CI/CUIT B/EA4E/
CIRCUIT BREAKER 0 is %se# to interr%pt ir%its whi!e
%rrent is 5owin, thro%,h them& The ma)in, an# (rea)in,
o" ontats in a Oi! type ir%it (rea)er are #one %n#er oi!'
this oi! ser$es to +%enh the ar when the ir%it is
opene#& The operation o" the (rea)er is $ery rapi# when
openin,& As with the trans"ormer' the hi,h $o!ta,e
onnetions are ma#e thro%,h (%shin,s& Cir%it (rea)ers
o" this type are %s%a!!y arran,e# "or remote e!etria!
ontro! "rom a s%ita(!y !oate# swith(oar#&
Some reent!y #e$e!ope# ir%it (rea)ers ha$e no oi!' (%t
p%t o%t the ar (y a (!ast o" ompresse# air2 these are
a!!e# air ir%it (rea)ers& Another type en!oses the
ontats in a $a%%m or a ,as -s%!"%r he*a5%ori#e' S67.
whih ten#s to se!" maintain the ar&
Circuit Brea!ers
( Connected in a typical 3-
phase circuit )
perating
!echanism
"anel
"osition
#ndicator
1& CU//ENT T/ANS6O/ME/

CURRENT TRANSFORMER 0 C%rrent

trans"ormer are %se# with ammeters' watt
meters' power-"ator meters' watt-ho%r
meters'ompensators' proteti$e an# re,%!atin,
re!ays an# the trip oi! o" ir%it (rea)ers& One
%rrent trans"ormer an (e %se# to operate
se$era! instr%ments' pro$i#e# that the om(ine#
(%r#en #oes not e*ee# that "or whih the
trans"ormer is #esi,ne# an# ompensate#& The
%rrent trans"ormer is onnete# #iret!y in series
with the !ine&
E& VOLTAGE T/ANS6O/ME/

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER 0 a!so )now as potentia!

trans"ormer' are %se# with $o!t-meters' wattmeters'
watt-ho%r meters' power-"ator meters' "re+%eny
meters' synhrosopes an# synhroni8in,
apparat%s' proteti$e an# re,%!atin, re!ays an# the
no-$o!ta,e an# o$er-$o!ta,e trip oi!s o" a%tomati
ir%it (rea)ers& One trans"ormer an (e %se# "or a
n%m(er o" instr%ments at the same time i" the tota!
%rrent ta)en (y the instr%ment #oes not e*ee#
that "or whih the trans"ormer is #esi,ne# an#
ompensate#& The or#inary $o!ta,e trans"ormer is
onnete# aross the !ine' an# the ma,neti 5%* in
the ore #epen#s %pon the primary $o!ta,e
6& EA/THING S9ITCH
EARTHING SWITCH 0 a!so )nown as ,ro%n#
#isonnet' whih %se# to onnets the e+%ipment to a
,ri# o" e!etria! on#%tors (%rie# in the earth on the
station property& It is inten#e# to protet peop!e wor)in,
on the ,ro%n#e# e+%ipment& It #oes this (y omp!etin,
a ir%it path' there(y re#%in, the $o!ta,e #i:erene
(etween the e+%ipment an# its s%rro%n#in,s& 6or sa"ety
reasons' it is important that ,ro%n# #isonnets an# a!!
assoiate# onnetions ha$e ,oo# ontat an# !ow
resistane& It is a!so important that the proteti$e
,ro%n# not (e ai#enta!!y remo$e' that is why a!! the
earthin, swithes' #isonnet swithes an# ir%it
(rea)ers are a!! inter!o)e# to eah other an#
proper;orret se+%enin, m%st (e "o!!owe#&
G& SU/GE A//ESTO/
SURGE ARRESTOR 0 are #e$ies %se# to pro$i#e the
neessary path to ,ro%n# "or s%h s%r,es' yet pre$ent any
power %rrent "rom "o!!owin, the s%r,e& An i#ea! arrester
m%st there"ore ha$e the "o!!owin, properties<
=& A(i!ity to remo$e the s%r,e ener,y "rom the !ine in a min&
time&
>& Hi,h resisti$e to 5ow o" power %rrent&
?& A $a!$e ation a%tomatia!!y a!!owin, s%r,e to pass an# then
!osin, %p so as not to permit power %rrent to 5ow to
,ro%n#&
@& A!ways rea#y to per"orm&
A& Per"ormane s%h that no system #ist%r(anes are
intro#%e# (y its operation&
7& Eonomia!!y "easi(!e
OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE 0 (y a ,ro%n# wire
is meant a wire' ,enera!!y o" stee!' s%pporte#
"rom the top o" transmission-!ine towers an#
so!i#!y ,ro%n#e# at eah tower& It is onsi#ere# a
pre$enti$e #e$ie' (%t it #oes not entire!y pre$ent
the "ormation o" tra$e!!in, wa$es on a !ine&
6%rthermore' those !ines whih are not e+%ippe#
with ,ro%n# wires wi!! (e s%(3ete# to
#ist%r(anes whih pro#%e s%r,es that m%st (e
a!!owe# to esape# to ,ro%n#' or the apparat%s
onnete# to the !ine m%st (e stron, eno%,h to
re5et or a(sor( these s%r,es %nti! they are
entire!y #ampe# o%t&
PREVENTIVE
MAINTENANCE

BUSBA/S B OVE/HEA1 G/OUN1 9I/E

At least once a year

Vis%a! Inspetion B E*amination o" a!! wirin, onnetors&

Che) Ins%!ator ' !ean or app!y HVIC i" neessary&

Che) the physia! on#ition o" (%s -a(!es or (ars.

6or ,ro%n# wire' he) or test the ,ro%n#in, system&

1ISCONNECT B EA/THING S9ITCHES

At least once a month

Vis%a! Inspetion&

Che) heatin, resistor !oate# at its ontro! pane! "or proper

"%ntionin,&
At least once a year

C!ean ontats o" #isonnetors as we!! as earthin, swithes an#

app!y e!etria! ontat ,rease ' i" neessary&

Che) #isonnetors an# earthin, swithes' 3oints an# (earin,s

o" the operatin, !in)a,es "or #e"orme# (earin, points&

Che) 5e*i(!e onnetions o" earthin, swithes&

Che) a!! srewe# 3oints "or ti,ht Ct&

C!ean ins%!ators i" neessary' when an e*essi$e amo%nt o" #irt

has a%m%!ate#&

Carry-o%t the maintenane o" operatin, mehanism&

VOLTAGE T/ANS6O/ME/
At least once a month

Inspet the $o!ta,e #i$i#er to (e s%re that no oi! !ea) or serio%s

a%m%!ation o" soot' #%st or sa!t omposite is present&

Inspet the interme#iate $o!ta,e trans"ormer an# he) the

minim%m permissi(!e oi! !e$e!&
At least once a year

Che) a!! srewe# 3oints B ontat "or ti,ht Ct&

C!ean ins%!ators i" neessary' when an e*essi$e amo%nt o" #irt

has a%m%!ate#&
CU//ENT T/ANS6O/ME/
At least once a month

Vis%a! Inspetion to he) oi! !e$e! an# #e"ets or possi(!e oi! !ea)s&
At least once a year

Che) a!! srewe# 3oints B ontat "or ti,ht Ct&

C!ean ins%!ators i" neessary' when an e*essi$e amo%nt o" #irt has
a%m%!ate#&

Che) primary an# seon#ary onnetors an# on#%t neessary

ti,htenin,&
Note< Never open a secondary winding of a C while on service.

SU/GE A//ESTO/
At least once a year

Vis%a! Inspetion B E*amination o" a!! wirin, onnetors&

Che) Ins%!ator an# meta! ir%!ar rin,' !ean or app!y HVIC i"
neessary&

Che) the physia! on#ition o" (%s -a(!es or (ars.

6or ,ro%n# wire' he) or test the ,ro%n#in, system&

Note< Arrestors sho%!# ne$er (e to%he# %n!ess omp!ete!y
#isonnete# "rom a!! !i$e !ines an# e+%ipment an# e:eti$e!y
onnete# to ,ro%n# at the !ine si#e o" the arrestor&