CONVERT A BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE INTO AN ELECTRICAL SIGNAL.
THE NAME BIOSENSOR SIGNIFIES THAT THE DIVECE IS A COMBINATION OF TWO PARTS : 1. BIO ELEMENT 2. SENSOR - ELEMENT Components of biosensor Fig. 1 Configuration of a biosensor showing biorecognition, interface, and transduction elements. History of biosensor development
Prof Leyland C Clark in 1956 - published his definitive paper on the oxygen electrode.
In 1962 Clark and Lyons - enzyme electrode.
In 1969 development of first potentiometric biosensor.
In 1974 - the use of thermal transducers for biosensors.
In 1975 - Divis suggested that bacteria could be used as the biological element in microbial electrodes . Principle of detection A specific bio element recognizes a specific analyte. The sensor element transduces the change in the biomolecule into an electrical signal that can be amplified, displayed, and analyzed. The bioelement may be an enzyme, antibody, living cells, tissue, etc. The sensing element may be electric current, electric potential, intensity, mass, conductance, impedance, temperature and so on. Kinds of biosensor El ectrochemi cal bi osensor
Opti cal bi osensor
Pi ezoel ectri c bi osensor
Cal ori metri c bi osensor
APPLICATION OF BIOSENSOR
Poi nt of car e di agnost i c s .
Bact er i ol ogi cal det ect i on
I n Medi cal Car e
For det er mi nat i on of f ood qual i t y
Envi r onment al moni t or i ng.
For I ndust r i al Pr oces s Cont r ol .
BIOSENSOR AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnology will enable us to design sensors that are : much smaller less power hungry more sensitive
What Is Nanotechnology? Richard Feynmans (1918-1988) A nanometre is 1/1,000,000,000 (1 billionth) of a metre, which is around 1/50,000 of the diameter of a human hair or the space occupied by 3-4 atoms placed end-to-end. A few carbon atoms on the surface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). Image obtained by Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM). nanotechnology is a field to understand, create, and use structures, devices and systems that have fundamentally new properties and functions because of their nanoscale structure.
Tools In Nanotechnology
The main tools used in nanotechnology are four main microscopes 1 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) 2 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) 3 Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) 3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) NANOMATERIALS Nanostructured materials have been successfully used in the last years for the construction of fast, accurate and sensitive sensors as they have excellent properties. Carbon nanotubes, nanowires, and nanochannels, Quantum dots, nanoparticles are all examples of nanomaterials. (The small size of allows for a greater surface to volume ratio)
Carbon nanotubes Fullerene Dendrimers Nanostructures Map Graphene oxide Graphite when treated with strong oxidizers gives rise to the Graphite oxide, which is a compound of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in variable ratios.
Manufacture of Graphene Oxide Graphene Oxide is formed by oxidizing crystalline graphite with a mixture of sodium nitrate (NaNO 3 , sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ),and potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ).The oxidation method is also known as the Hummers method. Structurally, the Graphene Oxide is similar to a graphene sheet with its base having oxygen-containing groups. Since these groups have an high affinity to water molecules, Graphene Oxide is hydrophilic and can be easily dissolved in water.
Cont
Graphene Oxide is a poor conductor but when it undergoes treatment using heat, light, or chemical reduction, most of graphene's properties are restored. Chemical reduction is normally done using hydrazine.
It is possible to deposit Graphene Oxide films on any substrate, and then convert it into a conductor. These coatings may be used in solar cells, flexible electronics, chemical sensors, liquid crystal devices
Graphene, which is a conductor, graphene oxide is a semiconductors and can replace silicon in electronics applications.
cont..
Applications of Graphene Oxide Graphene oxide finds application in the following fields: Transparent conductive films Paper-like and composite materials Energy-related materials Biological and medical applications.
Graphene
Graphene, is one of the allotropic forms of carbon.
It is a one-atom-thick planar sheet of carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice.
Graphite itself consists of many graphene sheets stacked together.
The carbon-carbon bond length in graphene is approximately 0.142 nm.
Graphene production Researchers obtained relatively large graphene sheets by mechanical exfoliation (repeated peeling) of 3D graphite crystals.
Another method is to heat silicon carbide to high temperatures (1100C) to reduce it to graphene.
Graphene has excellent properties like: Its entire volume is exposed to its surrounding. High electrical conductivity.
Cancer is an abnormal and an uncontrolled cell growth due to an accumulation of specific genetic and epigenetic defects.
Biosensor technology has the potential to provide: fast and accurate detection. reliable imaging of cancer cells. monitoring of angiogenesis and cancer metastasis. ability to determine the effectiveness of anticancer chemotherapy agents.
Preexisting technology
Existing cancer screening methods include: (1) the CA 15.3 test and mammography to detect breast cancer in women. (2) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level detection in blood sample for men to detect prostate cancer. (3) blood detection for colon cancer. (4) endoscopy, CT scans, X-ray, ultrasound imaging and MRI for various cancer detection. Cont These traditional diagnostic methods however are not very powerful methods :- as they can not detect cancer at very early stages. some of the screening methods are quite costly and not available for many people. so use of biosensors to detect cancer biomarkers in serum has spread widely.
Biomarkers
In terms of cancer, the analyte being detected by the biosensor is a tumor biomarker. A biomarker is an indicator of a biological state of disease. Biomarkers can be DNA, RNA, or protein (i.e., hormone, antibody, oncogene, or tumor suppressor). Fig. Application of the biosensor. The use of biosensors to detect tumor markers in serum has spread widely (Jin, 2011). OBJECTIVES
Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by graphene oxide Characterization of graphene coated nanoporous membrane by SEM Immobilization of antibody on nanoporous membrane Characterization of immobilized nanoporous membrane. Fabrication of nanoimmunosensor. Detection of sample. Standardization of protocol of nanoimmunosensors
Surface modification of nanoporous membrane by graphene oxide
(1)Coating of the graphene oxide onto the nanoporous membrane by drop coating method.
Drop wise graphene is poured onto the membrane.
A thin film is obtained onto the membrane surface.
CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE COATED MEMBRANE BY SEM The membranes categorized in two different classes- (1) PCTE membrane was used as such (2) PCTE membrane coated with graphene nanolayer over the one surface of membrane with the help of drop coating method.
Functionalization of graphene modified membrane cont... Graphene is incubated with linker molecule in dimethylformamide (DMF). The linker-modified graphene then incubated with antibody in Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution (pH 9.0) overnight at 4 0 C, followed by rinsing with DI water and phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS). Raman spectroscopy in particular has been found to be a valuable tool to elucidate the structural properties of graphene.
Cont Fig. 1 (A) Raman map and spectrum of graphene film. The map is constructed by plotting the peak width at half height of the 2D-band as the pixel intensity. Scale bar 0.8 mm. (B) AFM image of the graphene film. Scale bar 500 nm. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 J. Mater. CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene.
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR (A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells. (B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit. (C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab- Ag actions.
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR (A)Recording of amperometric data.
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording.
CONCLUSION
conclusion In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens.
The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor.
This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no. of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity.