Presented By: Presented To;

Zakir Showkat Khan Dr. Kamlash Prasad

Associate Professor FET
PG-FET-116204 SLIET Longowal




Department of Food Engineering & Technology
Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology Longowal
Thermal processing generally involves heating of foods
packaged in hermetically sealed containers for a
predetermined time at a preselected temperature to
eliminate the pathogenic microorganism and enzymes
that deteriorate the food during storage.
2
3
At constant temp the decrease in number of viable
organisms follows first order reaction


Microbial Inactivation at constant temp
Y = mx + C
0
10 10
2.303
log log
K
N t
N

4
Log10N0
Log10N
t
5
D value or decimal reduction time is the heating time in
minutes at a given temperature required to result in one
Decimal (1/10) reduction in the surviving microbial
population.

Reciprocal of slope of microbial curve

D=2.303/k
Cont
Slope
= Log10N1 Log10N2
t2 - t1

D = t2 t1
Log10N1 Log10N2

For one log cycle
D = t2 t1

6
Log10N1
Log10N2
t1 t2
Time required to cause a stated reduction in a population
of microorganisms.


N
F = D(SV)

7
Survival Law or First Law of thermal death of microorganism
D Log
10
N
0
= F
It is the increase in temperature which causes 90%
reduction in D Value.

Z-value is the thermal resistant constant and is a
unique factor describing thermal resistance of
microorganism

Reciprocal of slope of TDT curve.

8
Z -Value
Slope
=

Z Value
=
9
Log D1
Log D2
T1 T2
log10D1 log10D2
T1 - T2
T2 T1
log10D1 log10D2
D1 T2 T1
D2 Z
Log10
=
D1 = D2[10]
(T2 T1)
Z
10
F0 = F
T
[10]
(T-250)
Z
Fo = [10] = L
(T- 250)
Z
Is the equivalent time of heating at 250 F (121 C) for one
minute heating at temperature T
Similarly F value decreases with increase in temperature
Specific heat
Enthalpy
Thermal conductivity
Thermal diffusivity
11
It is the measure of heat to be removed or added in order
to change in temperature.



If both temp change and thermal transition are included
it is then called as Apparent specific heat.

12
Heat content or energy level in a system per unit mass



Specific heat and enthalpy are the state of system.
It is used for quantifying energy in a system.
13
Thermal conductivity
Thermal conductivity represents the basic thermal transport
property and measure of the ability of a material to conduct
heat
-


Where q is the transfer rate in watt
A is the cross sectional area
Z is the thickness of material
T1 and T2 are surface temp of material.
K is thermal conductivity

14
Thermal diffusivity determines how rapidly a heat front
moves or diffuses through a material




Products of large value will respond quickly to change in
their thermal environment than small value products.

Thermal diffusivity determines the ability of material to
conduct thermal energy relative to its ability to store energy.

15

The knowledge of how heat may transfer from one object to
another or within an object is of even greater practical value.

Three main modes of heat transfer are:

Conduction

Convection

radiation
Conduction is the mode of heat transfer in which the
transfer of energy takes place at a molecular level. There are
two commonly accepted theories.

According to one theory
Molecules attain additional thermal energy
they become more energetic and vibrate
These vibrations are transmitted from one molecule to
another

The second theory states that:
conduction occurs at a molecular level due to the drift of
free electrons.




In conductive mode, there is no physical movement of the
object undergoing heat transfer.
Conduction is the common mode of heat transfer in
heating/cooling of opaque solid materials.
In conduction mode heat transfer can be represented as:

inserting a constant of proportionality


Where;
q x is the rate of heat flow in the direction of heat
transfer by conduction (W);
k is thermal conductivity (W/[m C]);
A is area (normal to the direction of heat transfer)
through which heat flows (m
2
);
T is temperature (C); and
x is length (m), a variable.

Continued
Convective Heat Transfer

When a fluid (liquid or gas) comes into contact with a solid
body such as the surface of a wall, heat exchange will occur
between the solid and the fluid whenever there is a temperature
difference between the two.
This mode of heat transfer is called convection.
The magnitude of the fluid motion plays an important role in
convective heat transfer.
Depending on whether the flow of the fluid is artificially
induced or natural, there are two types of convective heat
transfer:

1. forced convection and
2. free (also called natural) convection.

Continued

Heat transfer from the solid surface to the flowing fluid is
proportional to the surface area of solid, A, in contact with
the fluid, and the difference between the temperatures T s
and T . Or,
The area is A (m
2
), and h is the convective heat-transfer
coefficient (sometimes called surface heat-transfer
coefficient), expressed as W/(m
2
C).
Continued.

This coefficient, however, depends on:
properties of fluid (density, specific heat, viscosity,
thermal conductivity).
the velocity of fluid,
geometry and
roughness of the surface of the solid object in contact with
the fluid.
A high value of h reflects a high rate of heat transfer.
Forced convection offers a higher value of h than free
convection.
.


Radiation heat transfer occurs between two surfaces by the
emission and later absorption of electromagnetic waves (or
photons).
Requires no physical medium for its propagation and can even
occur in a perfect vacuum.
Objects at a temperature above 0 Absolute emit thermal
radiation.
More specifically, the rate of heat emission (or radiation) from
an object of a surface area A is expressed by the following
equation:
where is the StefanBoltzmann 1 constant, equal to 5.669
10 8 W/ (m2 K 4);
T A is temperature, Absolute;
A is the area (m 2); and is emissivity, which describes the
extent to which a surface is similar to a blackbody.
Continued.
5/11/2011 SLIET longowal 25
When radiation of a given
wavelength is incident on an
object, some of the incident
radiation is reflected, some
transmitted, and some absorbed.
The following expression holds
true:




where is absorptivity, is
reflectivity, and is
transmissivity.
5/11/2011 SLIET longowal 28
1.
5/11/2011 SLIET longowal 29
2.
5/11/2011 SLIET longowal 30
3.
Relation of these numbers is as follows

1. Laminar flow in pipes

2. Turbulent flow in pipes
5/11/2011 SLIET longowal 33