ECE 5221 Personal Communication Systems

Prepared by:
Dr. Ivica Kostanic
Lecture 24 Basics of 3G UMTS (3)



Spring 2011
OSI Communication model
Each layer communicates only with two
adjacent layers and its peer on the other side
Each layer receives services from the layer
below and provides services to the layer
above

Page 2
Intermediate communication nodes
require layers 1 through 3
Internal operation within each layer is
independent of the internal operation
in any other layer
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Physical Medium Physical Medium
Node A Node B Node C
Peer to peer protocols
WCDMA interfaces
described using OSI model
OSI = Open System
Interconnect
Developed by ISO as a
general model for computer
communication
Used as a framework for
development and
presentation of most
contemporary
communication standards
Note: WCDMA covers Layers 1-3 of OSI Model
Page 3
UMTS Protocol stack
UMTS offers new Access
stratum protocol stack
Non-Access Stratum is
largely inherited from
GSM
First three layers of the
protocol stack are part of
UTRAN

Note: SMS exists on
both circuit switched
and packet switched
side
UMTS CS protocols control plane
Control plane
carries signaling
RNC terminates
the Access
Stratum (AS)
RRC, RLC and
MAC terminate at
RNC
PHY terminates at
Node B except for
outer loop power
control
RAN (access
stratum) acts as
transport for NAS
4
Note: UTRAN protocols are layered in an architecture that follows OSI
model
UMTS CS protocols user plane
User plane
caries user
data
Application
end to end
protocol
Access stratum
the same for
both control
plane and user
plane
5
UMTS PS protocols control plane
Control plane
for packet data
Very similar to
control plane
for PS
Identical
access stratum
6
UMTS PS protocols user plane
Additional protocol
PDCP
PDCP
compression of IP
headers
PDCP may or may
not be used


7
Layout of the Access Stratum
Two planes
User plane - user data
Control plane signaling
User data enters access
through radio bearers
(RABs)
Signaling is handled by RRC
Upper layer signaling
encapsulated through RRC
messages (direct transfer)
RRC has a capability of
reconfiguring all lower layers


8
ELEMENTS OF PHY LAYER
PROCESSING
Part 6
9
UMTS-FDD PHY frame structure
UMTS-FDD PHY frame structure is based on 10ms frames
Frames are broken in 15 time slots
The number of bits/slot is variable
Chip rate is always the same (3.84 Mchips/sec)

Page 10
F0 F1 F71
S0 S1 S14
Superframe = 72 Frames
Frame = 15 Slots
Slot = 2560Chips
720 ms
10 ms
The number of bits per slot varies
0.667 ms
User Data
Control
Information
UMTS-FDD DL processing
There are 6 steps in DL
PHY processing
I/Q separation
Variable spreading
Scrambling
Gain adjustment
Sync addition
Modulation
Page 11
E
S/P OVSF
X
X
X X
S/P OVSF
X
X
X X
E
X
X
Modulation
Variable
Spreading
Scrambling
Gain
adjustment
Sync addition
Channel 1
Channel n
R
b1
R
bn
R
b1 /2
R
b1 /2
R
bn /2
R
bn /2
R
c
=3.84Mc/sec
R
c
R
c
R
c
R
c
SC1
SCn
G1
Gn
Gp
Gs
Real Signals
Complex Signals
P-SCH
S-SCH
I/Q
Separation
I
Q
I
Q
Note: Number of channels
depends on number of
active users. P-SCH and
S-SCH are always
transmitted
W-CDMA DL Modulation
UMTS-FDD uses simple QPSK modulation scheme
Complex code sequence is split into real and imaginary part and modulated
using carriers in quadrature
Page 12
W-CDMA Modulation
UMTS-FDD uses root-raised
cosine for the shaping filter
The roll-off is o = 0.22
Page 13
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T
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t
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-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
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ti me [mi crosec]
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frequency [MHz]
g
a
i
n

[
d
B
]
5MHz
Impulse response of the shaping filter Frequency response of the shaping filter
Analytical expression of the shaping filter
impulse response
Note: only 30dBc on the sidebands
may cause interference to GSM in
non 1-1 overlay scenarios
W-CDMA DL variable spreading
Different data channels have different rates
The chip rate is always the same
W-CDMA supports variable spreading on the DL
Variable spreading is accomplished through use of orthogonal codes of
different length
Page 14
Spreading Factor User data rate
After coding
[Kb/ sec]
Approximate rate
before coding
[Kb/ sec]
512 15 1-3
256 30 6-12
128 60 42-52
64 120 ~ 45
32 240 ~ 105
16 480 ~ 215
8 960 ~ 450
4 1920 ~ 930
4, with 3 parallel codes 5760 ~ 2300
UMTS-FDD available DL data rates
UMTS-FDD provides
high data rates through
variable spreading
code aggregation
User data rates assume 1/2 convolutional encoding
W-CDMA scrambling codes
OVSF codes provide
orthogonality between signals
coming from the same BTS
form of channelization
Scrambling codes allow mobile
to distinguish signals coming
from different base stations
Scrambling codes do not change
signal bandwidth
Decoding a signal from a user is
in 2 steps
Descrambling the signal from the
Node B
De-spreading the signal from
individual user
Page 15
Signal from BS2
Base
Station 1
Base
Station 2
Signal from BS1
Frequancy
W-CDMA
signals
W-CDMA scrambling codes
UMTS-FDD uses 8192 complex
scrambling codes
The codes are selected as parts of a
2
18
-1 long gold sequence (good
correlation prperties)
Each of the codes are associated with
left and right alternative scrambling
code

Page 16
8192 Scrambling codes
SC0
SC1
SC2
SC15
SC16
SC17
SC18
SC31
SC32
SC33
SC47
SC8176
SC8177
SC8178
SC8191
Primary Codes
Secondary
Codes
SC34
512
Scrambling codes are 38400 chips
long (10ms)
Scrambling code repeats every frame
Organized in 512 groups of 16 codes
The first code in each group is
declared as the primary scrambling
code (PrSC)
PrSC are used for cell identification

Scrambling
code tree
W-CDMA synchronization codes
Synchronization codes are
used for system detection
They are 256 chips long
complex codes
One primary and 64
secondary codes
Secondary codes consist of
15 code words
Secondary codes remain
unique under cyclic shifts
smaller than 15
Page 17
A cell is allocated one primary
synchronization code
The primary code is the same for all
cells in the system
Secondary code points to a group of
primary scrambling codes
Synchronization Codes
Primary Secondary
PSC SSC0
SSC1
SSC63
Note: PSC allows mobile to
synchronize to the time slots.
SSC allows mobile to synchronize
with the beginning of frame.
W-CDMA primary scrambling codes
There are 512 primary scrambling codes
They are divided in 64 groups of 8 codes
Each cell is assigned one primary code
Primary scrambling code is used to provide
orthogonality between different BS
Primary scrambling code is broadcast on
the Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
Page 18
512 Primary Scrambling Codes
Group 0 Group 1 Group 63
SC0
SC16
SC32
SC112
SC128
SC144
SC240
SC160
SC8064
SC8080
SC8096
SC8176
Note: after decoding
SSC, the mobile needs
to consider only 8 out
of 512 PrSC
W-CDMA code assignment example
Primary sync code
is the same for all
cells
Secondary sync
code number is
the same as the
group of the
primary pSC
Page 19
pSC: SC16(1)
SSC: 0
pSC: SC128(8)
SSC: 1
pSC: SC256(16)
SSC: 2
pSC: SC32(2)
SSC: 0
pSC: SC64(4)
SSC: 0
pSC: SC80(5)
SSC: 0
pSC: SC8064(504)
SSC: 63
pSC: SC5760(360)
SSC: 45
pSC: SC4096(256)
SSC: 32
A
B
C
pSC - Primary Scrambling Code
SSC - Secondary Sync Code
Task: use previous two slides to verify code assignments for the above cells
Note: in practice network operator assigns only PrSC. SSC is
assigned automatically on the basis of PrSC assignment
W-CDMA UL processing - dedicated
channels
There are 5 steps in the UL
DCHs processing
Spreading
Gain adjustment
Complex addition
Scrambling
Modulation
Page 20
E
E
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
R/C X
DPDCH_1
DPDCH_3
DPDCH_5
DPDCH_2
DPDCH_4
DPDCH_6
DPCCH
C
d1
Gd
Gd
Gd
Gd
Gd
Gd
Gd
I
Q
SC
Spreading
Gain
Adjustment
Scrambling
Modulation
Complex
Addition
C
d2
C
d3
C
d5
C
d4
C
d6
C
c
DPDCH - Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCCH - Dedicated Physical Control Channel
Note: transmission from a
single mobile can aggregate
multiple codes to achieve
higher data rate
W-CDMA UL variable spreading
Variable data rates are allowed on U DPDCH
Variable data rate achieved through
variable spreading 4 to 256
code aggregation - up to 6 parallel codes
if code aggregation is used, spreading for all DPDCH is 4
UL DPCCH is a constant rate channel ~ 15kb/sec (assigned code C
256,0
)
Page 21
Spreading Factor User data rate
[Kb/ sec]
Approximate rate
before coding
[Kb/ sec]
256 15 1-3
128 30 6-12
64 60 42-52
32 120 ~ 45
16 240 ~ 105
8 480 ~ 215
4 960 ~ 450
4, with 6 parallel codes 5740 ~ 2300
User data rates assume 1/2 convolutional encoding